Robert Frost Essays (378 words) - , Term Papers

Robert Frost In Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, we have a man who stops in the forested areas to watch the snow fall. The speaker finds these woods to escape from the ordinary worries of life. My own translation is that the man ends up at a basic junction in his life and he escapes to these woods to think about his life. The forested areas that Frost shows are a portrayal of paradise. In spite of the fact that the man is going to God for direction, he is neither in nor almost a congregation. Indeed, even still, he accepts his area is immaterial to God, who eventually listens regardless. In the subsequent refrain, the pony is just an invention of his creative mind. This pony is, in fact, the speaker's own awareness, a second that we make something to remember the pressure of our most profound feelings. It goes about as an inside edit to keep us near mental soundness, the estimation of life, and perhaps God attempting to spare his life. At the point when he divides the forested areas and solidified lake, he finds that he is at an intersection throughout everyday life. The speaker considers what course to take, regardless of whether to live as the ethical man that he seems to be, or to take the path of least resistance by ending his own life. Ice depicts The darkest night of the year, as the speaker arrives at the finish of his street. In the third refrain, while the speaker is giving His saddle chimes a shake, he is truly considering and inquiring as to whether he ought to proceed with the self destruction. The soothing symbolism of stunning, dull and, profound gives a straightforward, serene, and quiet inclination that draws in the speaker to self destruction. He understands that he had vows to keep, yet we can dare to dream that he chose to satisfy his commitments to God, his family, his companions, and in particular? to himself. Be that as it may, we will never know in light of the fact that as the sonnet finds some conclusion, there is no completion. Rather, the holds back just present a grow dim and the sonnet is left open-finished. It is for us as perusers to think about whether the speaker will make the main serenity that he knows or will he decide to remain the man that as of now exists. English Essays

Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman free essay sample

This paper thoroughly analyzes two sonnets created by Dickinson and Whitman. The author thinks about crafted by Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson to attract similitudes just as contrasts the styles, the tones and the subjects of the sonnets. The paper shows how the sonnets have likenesses in beat, example and subject, but then they contrast in conveyance and setting. Each is about agony and dejection while they wander in whether that depression causes outrage or misery for the storyteller. Walt Whitman was known for his capacity to place exposition enthusiastically and cause the peruser to feel that they also share the storytellers body, psyche and soul. His words murmur over a page and enter the profundity of the perusers heart before the mind even acknowledges what the words have really said. One of his most very much cherished works was Crossing Brooklyn Ferry in which the peruser is given a look into the spirit and profundity of torment that Whitman endured while he reflected and broke down his own life. We will compose a custom article test on Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It was notable that huge numbers of his works were personal in nature and this sonnet was another case of the things he lived and felt as he graced the world with his ability. Emily Dickinson was additionally known for her capacity to illuminate agony and feeling as a sonnet. Her forlornness and sorrow are regularly acknowledged realities now in history however the manner in which she showed them gave the world great expressions of pride to appreciate forever. Her work frequently mirrored a similar kind of profound and inward yearning for associations with the world that Whitman wrote in his works.

11.125

11.125 Instead of doing an overview of the classes I’m taking this semester, I want to spotlight a few of them because they are just. that. cool. wow. First up, 11.125: Understanding and Evaluating Education CI-H HASS 12 Units. “Subject uses K-12 classroom experiences, along with student-centered classroom activities and student-led classes, to explore issues in schools and education. Students in this course spend time each week observing pre-college math and science classes. Topics of study include design and implementation of curriculum, addressing the needs of a diversity of students, standards in math and science, student misconceptions, methods of instruction, the digital divide, teaching through different media, and student assessment.” What it boils down to is an analysis on the current state of education, with some mind-blowing observations sprinkled in. Because education is so integral to the present and future of the world, especially the public schools that educate the majority of children, many of the points on the importance of inclusion and diversity are relevant to society as well. A guest lecture from Harvard Professor Daniel Koretz provided the most recent epiphany, introducing something that might be intuitive once you think about it but really shocked me when I first heard about it. The phenomenon is called Campbell’s Law, and it states that the more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social processes it is intended to monitor. Basically, anything that is designed to quantify a process will not only be attacked by corruption, it will also begin to corrupt the process it had been created to measure. Maybe I’m just a nerd who has taken a lot of tests in her time, but this made me question everything. My driving test a few years back, for example. When I was practicing with an instructor, did she focus on being a safe driver? Yes, a bit because her life was on the line whenever I got behind the wheel, but she took me on the route that the test was going to take me on, so there would be no surprises, and I would know every tricky turn up their sleeve. That’s not how real world driving is though! It’s full of people who view traffic lights as suggestions and bikers with headphones in and helmets off. Not only was she teaching to the test, but another lesser driver was pulling into the road, because despite me having scored 100% on the driving test, I have already gotten into a (minor) accident by the ripe age of 19. In a way, I was cheating the test and subsequently corrupting the process. We are also each assigned a classroom or two at a local public school to shadow once a week. After all, it’s hard to theorize about education if you become too removed from the students experiencing it. As a sophomore, I already feel like there are so many meme references I don’t understand and lyrics of prepubescent pop stars I already can’t relate to. For example, 11.125 uses classroom.google.com because that’s what the high schoolers use, something I had never even heard of despite going to this pretty tech-savvy Institute and a similarly techy high school. At the charter school that I observe at, Prospect Hill Academy Charter School, all of their assignments are done on personal computers given to them by the district, and homework is often turned in through Google Drive. Already a struggle to stay relevant in the two years since I walked those locker-filled halls. The AP Literature English class Ive been TAing have very relevant debates on gun control and the minimum wage. Rather than reading purely classics and less relatable masterpieces (not that they dont have their merits too), the teacher has mixed in history and current events too. Its a seamless integration that shows students how relevant English is in their lives and  how present literary devices can be in everyday news. Two reflections are due by the end of the year, but they can take any creative direction imaginable. Fellow course 6’s (Computer Science majors) have written code to summarize their time in school, and those more artistically-inclined have drawn comics, ma de sculptures, and baked cookies.  I’ve now declared my education concentration with the Department of Urban Studies and Planning because of this class, a subject I had previously never considered, and I cant wait to see what the rest of the year brings. And we get snacks! Finally, some extracurricular media for those curious for more: LGBTQ+ explained. After all, the first step to inclusion is understanding (class reading). Debunking the model minority myth (a topic I’m personally invested in). For and against  technology and classrooms, a hot topic that will shape the future of education (class reading). Post Tagged #11.125 Evaluating Education #CI-H/CI-HW #HASS subjects #LGBTQ+

Privatization Of Public Service Privatization - 1039 Words

Because governments found that they can not afford their varying brands of socialism in most of countries, privatization has been popular in the last decades. Public service privatization is the progress to transfer the public service, which is owned by governments, to the private firms whatever it is a profit or non-profit firms. As concerned, privatization can provide a lower price to public and more efficient services from privatised companies. However, it will also create some problems such as monopolies and decreasing employments. In addition, these problems can be solved by privatised companies regulated by governments and employees taking part in the corporation. As a result, selling public services or facilities to private firms benefit consumers because consumers may pay less but are served better, and there will be more efficiencies. Firstly, privatization is beneficial to public because consumers can get a lower or suitable price. To begin with, public can reach a lower price since governments can open the competition. For example, in Israel, the government increased the competition of mobile phone in 2011, then as a result, prices fell in 2011. As a response to the decreasing prices, the government got a number of satisfaction of their services in some industries, especially telecommunications (Gazit Sauer, 2014). In other words, the large competition has impact on the decreasing prices which contributes to consumers’ favour. Moreover, by using data onShow MoreRelatedThe Privatization Of Public Services2847 Words   |  12 Pages Youness Elhamidi PADM – 610 Public Management Research Paper (Week 8) Privatization of Public Services Dr. Timothy Bagwell Department of Public Administration American Public University Author Note Youness Elhamidi, Department of Public Administration, American Public University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Youness Elhamidi, Department of Public Administration, American Public University System, 111 W. Congress Street, Charles Town, WV 25414.Read MorePrivatization Of Public Services : An Overview2022 Words   |  9 Pages2014 Dr. Jim Burroughs PUAD 615-001 Privatization of public services is increasingly common in today’s bureaucracy. While these private companies have an arguably important role in the function of society and stability of infrastructure, their definition under the law and protection from government overreaching is questioned. Most notably, two Supreme Court cases – Board of County Commissioners v. Umbehr and O’Hare Truck Service v. City of Northlake – look at First Amendment freedomsRead MoreEffects Of Money Activation On Level Of Support For Government Goods And Services Programmes And Privatization Of Public Goods Services1698 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Money Activation on Level of Support for Government Goods and Services Programmes and Privatization of Public Goods and Services Shalini Pandaram 48555592 Psychology Department University of Canterbury Abstract Money has a huge impact on us as individuals, changing our behaviour and the way we view others. In order to see how great of an effect money has a study was conducted involving participants recruited from Psyc106 classes. Participants partook in an experimentRead MorePrivatization And Deregulation Of Privatization1680 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective, privatization and deregulation of the economy are the perfect solutions to ensure that â€Å"freedom.† Privatization is the transfer of funds and management from public and governmental institutions to the private sector† (Gilroy Moore, 2010, p. 1). Privatization and deregulation work hand in hand, as deregulation limit government intervention in the private sector. This paper will examine the meaning and implications of neoliberal privatization, explore the pros and cons of privatization, andRead MorePrivatization of Airports750 Words   |  3 PagesPRIVATIZATION OF AIRPORTS Conceptual Understanding of the term ‘Privatization’ ‘Privatization’ is a generally a process through which the ownership and control of a government entity is transferred to a private entity. The transfer can be either in whole or partial. Different connotations of the term ‘privatization’ as enumerated in various articles and journals are as follows : 1. Movement of an entity from the federal government to a local or quasi-governmental agency where a private sectorRead MoreAirport Privatization Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesAirports are key enhancers of commerce and trade; they generate massive transportation and key economic benefits (Vasigh, 2007). Privatization of airports relates to transfer of ownership of airport from public ownership sector to private ownership (Jobs Consultancy, 2007). Privatization process aims at increasing of efficiency, competitiveness and viable financing of airports. Considerations on whether to privatize an airport are made by governments and the decision has a long-term impact that followsRead MoreSheding the Light on the Privatization of Prisons from the Costs Point of View1102 Words   |  5 Pages In 2013 a paper from authors, Kish and Lipton discuss the title: Do private prisons really offer savings compared with their public counterparts? The purpose of this article is to shed light on th e privatization as far as the cost savings. The authors point out the key points of cost saving are: The construction of a private prison is typically faster since voter approval is not required. The reduction of staff members is one way of reducing cost. The author states the problem being, the measurementRead MoreEthics and Privatization of Public Systems Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesEthics problems of privatizing water supply services. Paper submitted for Ethics class, with good reseach on Chinese market. Privatization of public systems has been going on in both developed and developing countries for many years, maybe with more strength on developing countries in the last decade because of their higher reliance on public companies. The inefficiency of many public companies and its burden to the countries bearing them has been probably the reason most commonly used to justifyRead MorePrivatization Of Municipal Solid Waste1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe privatization of municipal solid waste is a process by which municipalities decide to contract with private organizations for the collection and processing of societal waste. President and CEO of Brolin Enterprises which provides contracting services for pipeline maintenance, tank services, erosion control, vacs trucking, one-call monitoring, right of way clearing, pig tracking, and emergency response believes municipalities should be more open to privatization of collection services (BegleyRead MorePublic Facilities And Private Prisons1116 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment to look toward the privatization of prisons. Privatization of prisons is the use of private sector or corporation in financing, constructing, and managing correctional facilities as an alternati ve. In this paper I will discuss the history, the types, and the pros and cons of prison privatizations. Private prison can be traced back in the 17th century to the contracting out of confinement and reimburse prisoners after the American Revolution (Private vs. Public Facilities, Is it cost

Guinn v. United States

Guinn v. United States was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 1915, dealing with the constitutionality of voter qualification provisions in state constitutions. Specifically, the court found residency-based â€Å"grandfather clause† exemptions to voter literacy tests—but not the tests themselves—to be unconstitutional. Literacy tests were used in several Southern states between the 1890s and 1960s as a way of preventing African Americans from voting. The unanimous decision in Guinn v. United States marked the first time the Supreme Court struck down a state law disenfranchising African Americans.   Fast Facts: Guinn v. United States Case Argued: Oct. 17, 1913Decision Issued: June 21, 1915Petitioners: Frank Guinn and J. J. Beal, Oklahoma election officialsRespondent: United StatesKey Questions: Did Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, in singling out black Americans as being required to take a voter literacy test, violate the U.S. Constitution? Did Oklahoma’s literacy test clause—without the grandfather clause—violate the U.S. Constitution?Majority Decision: Justices White, McKenna, Holmes, Day, Hughes, Van Devanter, Lamar, PitneyDissenting: None, but Justice McReynolds took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled that residency-based â€Å"grandfather clause† exemptions to voter literacy tests—but not the tests themselves—were unconstitutional. Facts of the Case Shortly after it was admitted into the Union in 1907, the state of Oklahoma passed an amendment to its constitution requiring that citizens pass a literacy test before being allowed to vote. However, the state’s Voter Registration Act of 1910 contained a clause allowing voters whose grandfathers had either been eligible to vote before January 1, 1866, had been residents of â€Å"some foreign nation,† or had been soldiers, to vote without taking the test. Rarely affecting white voters, the clause disenfranchised many black voters because their grandfathers had been slaves before 1866 and were thus ineligible to vote.   As applied in most states, the literacy tests were highly subjective. Questions were confusingly worded and often had several possible correct answers. In addition, the tests were graded by white election officials who had been trained to discriminate against black voters. In one instance, for example, election officials rejected a black college graduate even though there was not â€Å"the slightest room for doubt as to whether† he was entitled to vote, concluded the U.S. Circuit Court. After the 1910 November midterm election, Oklahoma election officials Frank Guinn and J.J. Beal were charged in federal court with conspiring to fraudulently disenfranchise black voters, in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. In 1911, Guinn and Beal were convicted and appealed to the Supreme Court. Constitutional Issues While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had guaranteed U.S. citizenship without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, it did not address the voting rights of former slaves. To bolster the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Reconstruction-era, the Fifteenth Amendment, ratified on February 3, 1870, prohibited the federal government and the states from denying any citizen the right to vote based on their race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Supreme Court faced two related Constitutional questions. First, did Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, in singling out black Americans as being required to take the literacy test, violate the U.S. Constitution? Second, did Oklahoma’s literacy test clause—without the grandfather clause—violate the U.S. Constitution? The Arguments The state of Oklahoma argued that the 1907 amendment to its state constitution was validly passed and clearly within the powers of the states granted by the Tenth Amendment. The Tenth Amendment reserves all powers not specifically granted to the U.S. government in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to the states or to the people. Attorneys for the U.S. government chose to argue only against the constitutionality of the â€Å"grandfather clause† itself while conceding that literacy tests, if written and administered to be racially neutral, were acceptable. Majority Opinion In its unanimous opinion, delivered by Chief Justice C.J. White on June 21, 1915, the Supreme Court ruled that Oklahoma’s grandfather clause—having been written in a way to serve â€Å"no rational purpose† other than to deny African American citizens the right to vote—violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The convictions of Oklahoma election officials Frank Guinn and J.J. Beal were thus upheld. However, since the government had previously conceded the point, Justice White wrote that, â€Å"No time need be spent on the question of the validity of the literacy test, considered alone, since, as we have seen, its establishment was but the exercise by the State of a lawful power vested in it not subject to our supervision, and, indeed, its validity is admitted.† Dissenting Opinion As the court’s decision was unanimous, with only Justice James Clark McReynolds not taking part in the case, no dissenting opinion was issued. The Impact In overturning Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, but upholding its right to require pre-voting literacy tests, the Supreme Court confirmed the historic rights of the states to establish voter qualifications as long as they did not otherwise violate the U.S. Constitution. While it was a symbolic legal victory for African American voting rights, the Guinn ruling fell far short of immediately enfranchising black Southern citizens. At the time it was issued, the court’s ruling also nullified similar voter qualification provisions in the constitutions of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia. While they could no longer apply grandfather clauses, their state legislatures enacted poll taxes and other means of restricting black voter registration. Even after the Twenty-Fourth Amendment prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections, five states continued to impose them in state elections. Not until 1966 did the U.S. Supreme Court declare poll taxes in state elections unconstitutional.   In final analysis, Guinn vs. United States decided in 1915, was a small, but a significant first legal step in the Civil Rights Movement toward racial equality in the United States. It was not until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that all remaining legal barriers denying black Americans the right to vote under the Fifteenth Amendment—enacted nearly a century earlier—were finally outlawed. Sources and Further Reference Guinn v. United States (238 U.S. 347). Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute.Guinn v. United States (1915). Oklahoma Historical Society.Onion, Rebecca. The Impossible Literacy Test Louisiana Gave Black Voters in the 1960s. Slate (2013).Poll Taxes. Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

Siva Free Essays

As an MBA student you need to study Managerial Economics which is concerned with decisionmaking by managers. As you all are aware that the main Job of managers is decision making only. Before making a decision one has to take into accounts so many things. We will write a custom essay sample on Siva or any similar topic only for you Order Now And here comes theimportance of managerial economics. Meaning of Economics: Economics can be called as social science dealing with economics problem and man’s economic behavior. It deals with economic behavior of man in society in respect of consumption, production;distribution etc. conomics can be called as an unending science. There are almost as many definitions of economy as there are economists. We know that definition of subject is to be expected but at this stage it is more useful to set out few examples of the sort of issueswhich concerns professional economists. Example: For e. g. most of us want to lead an exciting life i. e. life full of excitements, adventures etc. butunluckily we do not always have the resources necessary to do everything we want to do. Thereforechoices have to be made or in the words of economists individuals have to decide—–â€Å"how toallocate scarce resources in the most effective ways†. For this a body of economic principles and concepts has been developed to explain how people andalso business react in this situation. Economics provide optimum utilization of scarce resources to achieve the desired result. It providesthe basis for decision making. Economics can be studied under two heads:l) Micro Economics2) Macro EconomicsMicro Economics: It has been defined as that branch where the unit of study is an individual, firm or household. Itstudies how individual ake their choices about what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce, and what price to charge. It is also known as the price theory is the main source of conceptsand analytical tools for managerial decision making. Various micro-economic concepts such as demand, supply, elasticity of demand and supply, marginalcost, various market forms, etc. are of great significance to managerial economics. 1 Macro Economics: It’s not only individuals and forms who are faced with having to make choices. Governments facemany such problems. For e. g. How much to spend on healthHow uch to spend on servicesHow much should go in to providing social security benefits. This is the same type of problem facing all of us in our daily lives but in different scales. lt studies the economics as a whole. It is aggregative in character and takes the entire economic as aunit of study. Macro economics helps in the area of forecasting. It includes National Income,aggregate consumption, investments, employment etc. Meaning of managerial economics: It is another branch in the science of economics. Sometimes it is interchangeably used with businesseconomics. Managerial economic is concerned with decision making at the level of firm. It has beendescribed as an economics applied to decision economic theory and managerial practices. lt is defined as application of economic theory and methodology to decision making process by themanagement of the business firms. In it economic theories and concepts are used to solve practical business problem. It lies on the borderline of economic and management. It helps in decision makingunder uncertainty and improves effectiveness of the organization. The basic purpose of managerial economic is to show how economic nalysis can be used informulating business plans. Definitions of managerial economics: In the words of Mc Nair and Merriam,† Managerial Economics consists of use of economic modes of thought to analyze business situation†. According to Spencer and Seigelman†Ã¢â‚¬ it is defined as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision making and forward planning by themanagement†. Economic provides optimum utilization of scarce resource to achieve the desired result. How to cite Siva, Papers

Interpersonal and E-Communication for Business Communication

Question: Discuss about theInterpersonal and E-Communication for Business Communication. Answer: Social network has impacted the way of business communication by rapid change in technologies. Social media is an appropriate way of communication for businesses as it allows businesses to convey their concerns and reach to large number of stakeholders. For any business to work easily with their clients, communication is the key concern. The ways of communication have changed from last 20 years this is because of progress in innovation (Slideshare,2017). In the 21st century communication is done through social media which has expanded the net revenues and additionally online activity. Social media has allowed business to make their place in market. In the old communication technique businesses didn't know about how to access to online instalments or how to communicate using new innovations. In the current scenario social media has turned out to be so impactful as everybody depends on communicating through online networking (Parveen, Jaafar and Ainin, 2015). Modern communication has changed the business world development from last couple of years as it has made business rely on web-based social networking, internet, quick feedback methodology, online instalments and numerous approaches so that they get more customers to the business In 19's the communication use to be through TV, magazines, telephone calls or press source. Feedback methodology was very poor for business in traditional days as if any trouble was identified in an item it was difficult to provide the solution and there were no alternatives available (Ngai, Tao and Moon, 2015). In 20's social media has turned the feedback method adaptable. This is made conceivable by use of social media as it has provided a platform to extend their business. Communication has turned out to be simple as it has provided a way for forward and backward communication within seconds with clients that helps in extending the business. Social media is the best approach to remain connected with client s entire day and give instant feedbacks. Network-based business communication has expanded the business in the global world. The complete production process of a business is managed electronically which helps a business to work proficiently. Social media can negatively affect a business as customers can post negative comments which may destroy the reputation of business (Makara Fuller, et. al, 2015). Considering a case, an organization has started an online business of offering different items throughout the world. For instance, considering the case of Amazon that gives a fast glance of considerable number of items to everyone. Amazon has extended the business because of the use of online networking as it enables client to get the items from any edge of the world. Also, it has provided an easy way to understand the client as social media has offered a user friendly platform were clients can request questions or give feedback in regarding to an item. The communication between the cli ents has become smooth due to social media and has increased consumer loyalty. Amazon can improve their business by working on the feedback given by the clients. Aside from that Amazon has extended because of social media as they can promote their item and administrations by web-based social networking stages (Hatfield, 2017). Moreover, social media has helped in enhancing the net revenue of the business. Social media has helped businesses to communicate easily and share their interests and act as a personalised media platform. Social media allows business communication by offering feedback, receive information and share ideas. It helps the business to interact with the target market and interact with your customers. Social media improve responsiveness of business as customers raise their voice regarding the problem and managers work on them. Social media helps the business in engaging the customers by enhancing marketing strategies and ensure that marketing strategies can be implemented (Mikulincer, et.al, 2015). It boosts the online traffic and increases the profit of business. As more no of customers means more profit. Social media has provided the way to get more customers and reach to wider audience. Social media can be seen as a business tool as it increase number of customers ad can be used for communication .Business communication is important for every business as it helps in planning powerful campaigns and improving the communication between individual by building strong relationships between the staff. Powerful business communication helps in concentrating on the external market and thinking about the ways to overcome the issues. According to the research it can be stated that business communication can be effective if it is a two way process. In the case of amazon communication is in both ways, as administrator can send message with respect to any issue and clients can give their feedback and this is made possible by social media (Rodriguez, Peterson and Ajjan, 2015). Communication in a business is possible through email, instant message, voice calls or automated assistants but still the most impactful way of communication is social media. Using social media as a source of business communication has proved to be beneficial as fundamentally it is used to promote the item. The communication in a business can occur between organizations. Feasible communication helps a business to encourage and know how to enhance the execution of an association. Social media helps business as it offers low cost marketing and interface for users to interact easily. Additionally, it provides easy customer support by targeting the customers. It has impacted the business by offering visual marketing and improving the marketing plans by offering the services and making a market friendly environment. It has always reduced the communication cost as social media platforms have allowed to make effective business calls (Mcmullen,2017). Social media lets the brand get connected to customers whole day long. It build professional brand name and maintain professional relationship with customers. Social media helps the business grow wider and expand the business by geo targeting the m arket which in turn controls the cost of marketing and increases the sales. This has impacted the business by building marketing research and building customer relation. Social media helps in business communication as it provides a way to share information between enterprises to achieve commercial benefits. Social media refers to have business communication to promote their services to potential consumers. Social media has helped business in building customers through network. Social media has impacted the business as it offers wider audience and helps in bringing traffic to the website. It also creates brand identity and offer choices to customers to share their views and comment on the products (Louise, et. al, 2016). Communication through social media helps the business to be recognized globally. Social media helps the business to be expanded. It helps in promoting their services in remote zones, as multinational organizations have workplaces in different areas, so to share their views online networking is utilized. Social media provides an open communication between the workers which helps in building trust among representatives. The positive workplace helps in decreasing the vulnerability (Hudson, et. al, 2016). Also social media helps in working in a team successfully and work with greater profitability. Online networking has given a way to share their views and resolve the issues. It also keeps the data updated with the goal that the data can be accessible from anyplace round the globe. Social media can be seen as a negative impact also in business as it have increased the consumer power as they have got the rights to post anything and anywhere which may impact the reputation of business. Add itionally, it is difficult to track the misleading statements and sometimes it may spoil the confidentiality of information (Godey, et. al, 2016). Social media channels can be hacked by unauthorized user and they can be difficult to be tracked. Communication not just means verbal correspondence but social networking is a stage through which communication is possible with any sort of individuals and removes diverse culture from an organisation. Promotion is one of the approaches used for business communication as they portray the whole story to get more clients. So, if the manager of the organization is in different country and he need to be reached for some work; online networking is the channel that has made this communication conceivable (Fardouly, et. al, 2015). Social media management empowers the business by managing the team and sharing the information using distributed social channels from one location to another. It enables the opportunities to business at deeper level by building relationships globally. In most basis sense social media is a tool used to connect, publish and manage. According to the research it can be stated that 85% of consumers have changed their behaviour in response to social media content (Bala krishnan, Dahnil and Yi, 014). It is critical to have effective communication a business as it advances inspiration among employee by training them about their assignments and the telling them bout the change that should be done. It likewise improves the basic leadership control and breaking down the strategies. In any business powerful communication can help in substituting the individual state of mind towards work. Social media helps in knowing what the competitors are doing and the reason they have become popular. It also provides a platform for business meets and allow people to communicate and discuss regarding various issues. Social media was has impacted the business v. It plays an essential role for business as it increases the traffic and helps the business to come in top results. Social media has impacted the business as they can monitor the relationship with their customers and build awareness to retain them for longer run. It also helps in publishing the content to next level. Social media has impacted the business as they have changed the strategies of business in different ways. Social media has allowed the business to make their brand name more prcised and provide different ways to communicate with customers. Social media has allowed business to make online communities which has helped in increasing their sale as they share their information online. Social media has discovered new ways to communicate and helped in implementing market strategies. Previously business relied on only marketing tactics which were slow now with the use of social media business can inform their customers instantly. Social media has helped the business to remain connected to consumers as they now do not wait for writing a letter or calling but they directly communicate with the business using social media. Business use social media t cost their information and gets opinions from customers. It is beneficial for small businesses as they help in getting reviews from customer so th at they can make modification to improve their business. Social media impacts the business as they perceived the business brand. They maintain good connections by providing great exposure (Wamba and Carter, 2016). It provides a powerful marketing platform for free and facilities online discussion to gain valuable inputs. It helps the business to stay connected with the customers. Social helped not only helped in promoting their services but also improved internal communication and helped in reaching customers feedback. It provided visibility and branding of the services by supporting the presence of a business online. Social media helped business in knowing their market place which in turn helped in controlling their services. Thus it can be concluded that social media has impacted the business in both positive and negative way. It helps to engage more customers by using digital marketing strategies. In short it helps in boosting the traffic towards the business by providing best services to the user. On the other hand it increases the chances of malicious attacks and violating the confidentiality of businesses. Reference list Balakrishnan, B.K., Dahnil, M.I. and Yi, W.J. (2014) The impact of social media marketing medium toward purchase intention and brand loyalty among generation Y.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,148, pp.177-185. Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P.C., Vartanian, L.R. and Halliwell, E. (2015) Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood.Body Image,13, pp.38-45. Godey, B., Manthiou, A., Pederzoli, D., Rokka, J., Aiello, G., Donvito, R. and Singh, R. (2016) Social media marketing efforts of luxury brands: Influence on brand equity and consumer behavior.Journal of business research,69(12), pp.5833-5841. Hatfield, E.F. (2017) Narrative learning using podcasts in interpersonal communication.Communication Teacher, pp.1-7. Hudson, S., Huang, L., Roth, M.S. and Madden, T.J. (2016) The influence of social media interactions on consumerbrand relationships: A three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors.International Journal of Research in Marketing,33(1), pp.27-41 Louise, S., Paul, R., Mark, F. and Rob, W. (2016)E-communication skills: A guide for primary care. CRC Press. Makara Fuller, K.A., Fishman, B., Karabenick, S.A. and Teasley, S. (2015) Students interpersonal connections with peers and staff at the start of higher education. Mcmullen,A.(2017).How Does Social Media Affect Retail Businesses?.Available from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/social-media-affect-retail-businesses-39275.htmlAccessed on 29 april 2018. Mikulincer, M.E., Shaver, P.R., Simpson, J.A. and Dovidio, J.F. (2015)APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 3: Interpersonal relations. American Psychological Association. Ngai, E.W., Tao, S.S. and Moon, K.K. (2015) Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks.International Journal of Information Management,35(1), pp.33-44. Parveen, F., Jaafar, N.I. and Ainin, S. (2015) Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), pp.67-78. Rodriguez, M., Peterson, R.M. and Ajjan, H. (2015) CRM/social media technology: impact on customer orientation process and organizational sales performance. InIdeas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old(pp. 636-638). Springer, Cham. Slideshare,(2017).social-medias-effect-on-business-communication.Available from https://www.slideshare.net/aayushi1997/social-medias-effect-on-business-communicationAccessed on 29 april 2018. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R. (2014) Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Wamba, S.F. and Carter, L. (2016) Social media tools adoption and use by SMEs: An empirical study. InSocial Media and Networking: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 791-806). IGI Global.

Moral Philosophy Essays - Ethics, Social Philosophy, Axiology

Moral Philosophy Moral Philosophy 9 - 24 - 00 I. Sam was in trouble when the stock market slide turned into a steep slope. He not only lost most of his millions; he was also exposed as having been engaged in financial practices, which were shady and even dishonest. One evening he was found in his office, a victim of suicide. Those attending his funeral including his wife, children, and his business partners. B) The agent is this specific situation is Sam, due the fact that he acted on committing suicide because he lost millions in the stock market. In this situation the action that occurs is a suicide act by Sam. The patients are this case is everyone who is involved. Sam is affected because he is not alive any longer. His wife and children will be affected by many aspects, income and companionship and being a positive role model to their children. Even his business partners will feel the impact on their work for either their mourning or they will have to take over his work before a replacement resides. The judge in the case is Sam because he decides to take his own life due to financial problems. Define: Agent: Is a person that has, is, or will act on a specific situation. Act: Is basically defined as what is being done in the situation. Patient: Who or what is being affected by the situation. Condition: The state, whether good or bad, of the patient in a situation. Judge: To be put simply, a judge makes decisions. D) The relationship that exists between the agent, act, patient, condition and judge are as follows. In this specific case Sam is both the agent and patient, this is true for the reason that same did act and commit suicide while being a judge and deciding to take his own life. The relationship between the action, committing suicide, and the patient, who or what is affected, is crucial because without Sam taking his own life no one will be affected to the extent which they are suffering from now. Sam decision or judgment emphasis the action of suicide. II. When a person thinks of what to wear out, eat, what kind of work to be involved in, whether he gets up from the left or right side of the bed, the color of his car, types of music he likes, which all deal with personal situations. Self-interest deals with a situation as follows; Sal has not given up smoking but will get married. While raising children his health diminishes because of heavy smoking. But it can change from self-interest to a moral issue by thinking, if I smoke, I am not only hurting myself but my family as well. A social situation might deal with two candidates for Presidency, Bill and Bob. Bill is more qualified but Bill has more connections and money. Bill ends up winning the candidacy not because of what he knew but who he knows. Morals can be best illustrated as Divorces ought to be granted for reasons for adultery, cruelty, and non-support. Translating the quote is simply put that not all the conditions should be satisfied but any one of them could bring about this effect. X situation is illustrated as a group of friends finding a case of alcohol thinking that they are lucky, but in the mean while they are being arrested for underage drinking by the police. Define: Personal - one of gaining self-knowledge so as to act in a way to please oneself. Self-Interest - basically defined as something you like even if it is harmful to you or others. Moral - characteristics of priority over other situations because of their encompassing feature. Social - basically wants the claims of several patients so the person can act on that situation of Social judgment. X - is put in a situation such as a social or moral and is looking for good fortune but receives tragedy. C) Personal interest and social differ from social because of social dealing with several patients when personal is the gaining of one patient. Moral and self interest differ from each other due to the fact that self interest can be harmful yet pleasurable yet when

Free Personal Strengths and Weakness Essay Example

Free Personal Strengths and Weakness Essay Example I believe one of my personal strengths in communication is that I can talk to just about anyone. I enjoy talking with people. In communication, my strength would be that I have the ability to listen as well as respond. I enjoy having conversation with people of different cultures, because it gives me a chance to learn more about their lifestyle. I have learned to communicate well with people, because I am an outgoing person. I communicate better one on one. I have a weakness with communication when it comes to having to speak to a large group of people. I become very nervous, and will sometimes forget what I wanted to say. My weakness in communication is also when I have to speak in front of the class, or in front of a very large group of people I become nervous, because my weakness of thinking that they are more focused on me than on the information that I will be presenting. I work at that weakness by having the personal strength to try to make the presentation enjoyable so that the focus will not be so much on the speaker but the information be presented to the group. I have learned through the years that it is important to stay focused on your strengths and not your weaknesses and to realize that for the most part everybody else is probably just as nervous as I am. I have strength in the fact that I can talk about most subjects very freely. I try to communicate just the point I am trying to make and have the point understandable to those who are listening. Communication for me is easy depending on the topic being discussed. I sometimes have a weakness in the fact that I may be too honest with my answer and do not think before answering. I realize that when you are communicating with people, they really do not want the truth because it hurts and is offensive. I find that it is much easier for me to communicate, when I have knowledge of the conversation being discussed. I am very weak when it comes to starting a conversation and leading the discussion. I will avoid a conversation as much as possible when I have to present the information to be discussed. In communication, I am also weak in the area that I will choose to listen more that participate. I also have a weakness in my non-verbal communication skills. The weakness is that sometimes my body language will give a different answer than what I would have spoken. When I am using non-verbal communication as a point of contact I will point out or agree to something from just listening to the topic being discussed. I focus on my non-verbal communication skills, because I want the non-verbal to be just as understandable as the verbal. My body language must not present a different communication than intended. With non-verbal communication, I try to give more eye contact so that there is no misunderstanding of the communication intended. I find nodding your head helps in non-verbal communication, because a nod can say a lot. In my communication skills, I have learned that if I highlight the strengths. Then the weaknesses would not be so obvious. In having communicated with all different types of people, I once was told that if you stop and think for five seconds before you speak, your communication skills would present themselves in a most intelligent manner. Communication comes somewhat easy for me, because I like to talk, but just talking and not communicating would become a weakness. I try to always have something to communicate to other people that would be beneficial. Whether communicating verbally or non-verbally your actions will for the most part, represent how you are feeling about a particular subject or discussion. When it is possible always, try to communicate verbally and have the person you are communicating with acknowledge that they understand what you are saying. Communication, verbally or non-verbally is a very powerful tool and when you understand your strengths and weaknesses in that area you will be able to communicate much more efficiently with people. When you are communicating, with different types of people you will be able to decide if verbal or non-verbal communication would be the best approach according to their logic and the logic of the situation and surrounding environment. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Personal Strengths and Weakness topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Epidemiology - Essay Example In the case of a food outbreak, it is a responsibility of the public health officials to examine the problem and look for possible solutions to control it. It is their obligation to make sure no more people are affected and avoid similar outbreaks from happening in the future. In the above case, I would rush to a nearby health center to make the officials aware of the problem. The food born outbreak really requires a public health response. As the main role or responsibility of public health officials is to collect information on any serious outbreak, it will be so helpful if information on the above case, food born outbreak among the children is examined. There is where the woman can get to know what the really cause or genesis of the problem was. The type of emergency described in the above case is an epidemiological investigation. In this investigation, after food borne disease outbreak is recognized, the public health officials starts immediately an observation to get enough information with a sole aim of controlling the outbreak so that more people don’t get affected even in times to come. In order to examine the root course of the problem, information is the main key. The public health officials could ask some questions like; what did he or she eat? Where was he when the problem started? How did it start? Have he ever suffered from the same? How many children are suffering the same problem currently? Have you visited any other medication? It is good to know which steps we can take to manage such an outbreak. The steps for managing the above disease are; gathering original information about the cases and report it to the right person at the nearby health center, formulating an original case definition that is like who is ill, what are their signs among others. It is also important to record the gender and even age of the affected. Another step is to formulate an original questionnaire to find out if there exists a common contamination source

Most Popular Alcohol Brands Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Most Popular Alcohol Brands - Assignment Example According to the research findings, priority 1 is ensuring that the consumers have full access to the information about the brands, both new and existing ones. Action Step: Hanging advertisement posters, displays and any other relevant information about the quality of the unpopular brands. Objective: To persuade as many customers as possible to taste and continue buying the unpopular alcohol brands. Priority 2: Ensuring full participation of staff and senior management in enhancing sales of the unpopular brand. Action step: Educating the entire staff about marketing and promotional activities. Objective: To create a competitive team that will promote high sales from inside the store to the alcohol market. Priority 3: Pricing, marketing strategies, and time of this operation. Action step: Â  Conduct market research about the prevailing alcohol prices and set a cheaper price for the product. Develop the marketing strategies and determining the period that the whole exercise will take.

Research Into Paracetamol

Research Into Paracetamol The pharmaceutical industry was estimated to turnover 773 billion in 2008, however not all of this revenue was taken as profit; a significant cost goes into research and industry guideline compliance for products. With regards to new generic medications, proving bioequivalence is crucial to success, however necessary in vivo testing can be costly ((EMAMI). Drugs which meet a certain Biopharmaceutics Classification System criteria may be exempt from these expensive tests and may be permitted a biowaiver (2). This allows in vitro dissolution testing in place of in vivo plasma analysis. Paracetamol is one such drug that has qualities which place it at the borderline of biowaiver suitability (2). It is the worlds most commonly used analgesic (3), although the question arises as to whether all preparations as effective as each other? More specifically we ask, is there is any significant difference between the dissolution profile of paracetamol generics? This literature review is in prepar ation of experimental tests designed to ascertain if there is any difference in dissolution profile of eight PBS listed bioequivalent prepararations, and whether this difference may correlate to a clinical significance in such a common place drug, used by so many. Search Strategy All data was sourced through internet databases, i.e. Medline, Pubmed, and Cochrane Library. The search engines Google Scholar and UWA library were also utilized. Keywords included. KEY WORDS Paracetamol, acetaminophen, bioequivalent (therapeutic equivalency), Delayed-action Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Tablets, Drug Compounding, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Observer Variation, Dissolution, Metabolism, In vitro, Drug Content, IVIVC, In vivo, Bioavailability and Correlation. Once appropriate articles were sourced, citing and cited articles were also evaluated. Paracetamol History Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the worlds most popular drugs for the treatment of pain and fever (3). It was first synthesized in 1878 by Morse, and was used clinically for the first time in 1887 by von Merring (3, 4). Paracetamol fell into obscurity shortly thereafter in favour of other chemically related drugs such as phenacetin (4). However, phenacetin was later found to be nephrotoxic, and the search for a substitute arose (4). In 1950, a study from Brodie and Axelrod rediscovered paracetamols suitable analgesic properties (3). Although, this drug did not experience widespread acceptance until the 1970s due to unfounded concerns about safety; but from then on, it became the most commonly used medication for pain (3). In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, paracetamol sales have exceeded those of aspirin since 1980 (3). Physicochemical properties Paracetamol or N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide, is a white crystalline powder with a melting point of 168-172C (Martindale). It is sparingly soluble in water, ie. one part of paracetamol is soluble in 70 parts of water at room temperature (2). It is also freely soluble in alcohol (Martindale) Paracetamol shows maximal UV absorption at a wavelength of 249nm and is reported to have a pKa of 9.5 at 25C (2). Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics (inc. therapeutic index toxicity) Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of Action The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol has remained largely unknown for some time (5-8). For years it has been thought to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) in a similar manner to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, however definitive proof of analgesia and antipyresis being dependent on COX inhibition is still lacking (3). Recently, two independent groups have produced experimental data that has demonstrated that analgesia involves the potentiation of the cannabinoid vanilloid tone in the brain and in the dorsal root ganglia (3). Blockade of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in rats has eliminated any analgesic properties of paracetamol and suggests that paracetamol is in fact a cannabinomimetic (3). Pharmacokinetics Absorption Bioavailability Paracetamol has been reported to have a bioavailability of 62%-89% in those of a fasted state (2, 7). This divergence from absolute bioavailability is attributed to first pass hepatic metabolism. Peak plasma concentrations are reached between 0.17-2.0 hours post-dosing (9). As expected, food has been shown to reduce absorption by increasing tmax and decreasing Cmax values. Food has not been shown to affect the amount of acetaminophen reaching the blood (2). Distribution Paracetamol has a reported volume of distribution of 0.69-1.36L/Kg (10). Around 20%-25% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins at therapeutic dosages, however this value has been shown to increase to 20%-50% in over dosage. Paracetamol has also been shown to cross the placenta, and has a 1.24 milk/plasma ratio in breast milk (2). Paracetamol is an ADEC category A drug, i.e. it is safe to use in pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding (8). Metabolism Excretion Around 85%-90% of paracetamol is metabolized within the liver via the process of glucuronidation and sulfation (2). These inactive metabolites are then eliminated by the kidney in the urine. Approximately 5% of paracetamol is passed out unchanged in the urine, the remaining drug is conjugated with cysteine and mercapturic acid (2, 7). The half-life of paracetamol has been reported as 1.9 4.3 hours (2, 7, 9) but longer in those with renal impairment. Indication Paracetamol is indicated in the symptomatic treatment of mild-to-moderate pain as well as fever (2, 8) and has also been described to have mild anti-inflammatory properties (2). Dose Dosage Forms For adults, the optimal single dose of paracetamol is 1g (2, 8), with a maximum dose of 4g daily (8). Hepatocellular necrosis can occur from doses of 10-15g, and death may result in doses in excess of 20-25g (2). Paracetamol is available in many dosage forms, as a single active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), or in combination with other analgesics such as codeine (Panadeine), dextropropoxyphene (Di-Gesic), metoclopramide (Metomax), as well as in combination with decongestants such as pseudoephedrine in cold-and-flu preparations (8). This drug is available as immediate release (IR) tablets, sustained release (SR) tablets, chewable, elixirs, IV injections and suppositories (8). Biopharmaceutics Classification system (subtitles ) Drug dissolution is an essential component in the absorption of any pharmaceutical tablet The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is a method of grouping active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) based on their solubility and intestinal permeability (reference? WHO, amidon, FDA, lobenberg, dahan). It allows for easy identification of those drugs whose in vivo absorption can be easily anticipated based on their in vitro dissolution. (many amidon) The system relies on the premise that drug dissolution, and therefore solubility, as well as drug permeability are the rate limiting steps in drug absorption. (amidon, rang + dale, goodman and gilman, dahan, WHO, FDA, lobenberg) This implies that two different products containing the same drug will have the same rate and extent of absorption if, over time, they both have the same concentration profile at the intestinal membrane. (amidon) Since it is the dissolution profile of a drug which determines its concentration profile in the intestinal lumen, comparability of this parameter in vitro should produce comparable absorpt ion results in vivo. (amidon) In reality however, only those drugs with high permeability which are formulated into immediate release (IR) preparations can be easily and reliably applied to this logic (amidon, BW, FDA). There are four classes within the BCS to which a drug can be assigned (as outlined in figure ?). Class I is comprised of those drugs with high permeability and solubility, these drugs are expected to be well absorbed and, providing dissolution is slower than gastric emptying, show a good correlation between in vitro dissolution rate and the rate and extent of in vivo absorption (IVIVC) (amidon, FDA, BW). Class II drugs also have high permeability but their solubility is low which ensures in vivo dissolution is the rate limiting step in drug absorption and thus IVIVC is expected (amidon). Class III drugs have a low permeability with high solubility, traditionally these drugs were believed to have little or no IVIVC (amidon), however recent studies have shown that if a class III drug is very rapidly dissolving then a correlation may exist (Cheng, Jantratid 1). Finally Class IV drugs have both low permeability and solubility these drugs are not expected to show any IVIVC (amidon). Figure ?: (http//www.tselinc) For each of the four BCS classes a drug substance is considered highly soluble when the highest [IR] dose strength is soluble in 250mL or less of aqueous media over the pH range of 1-7.5. (FDA) The permeability of a drug is considered high if greater than 90% of a dose is absorbed across the intestinal membrane (FDA, Yu). The genius of the BCS is that it allows easy identification of drug candidates for which relatively cheap and fast in vitro dissolution testing can replace the more expensive, time consuming and invasive in vivo absorption testing (emami). The system does away with complex modeling that must account for fasted and fed states as well as cyclical changes in motility and gastric emptying. (amidon, dahan) The impact of the BCS on the pharmaceutical industry was so great that in 2006, creator Dr. Gordon Amidon was awarded the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Distinguished Scientist Award. (internet reference) Correlation between in vitro dissolution and bioavailability Following the introduction of the BCS a great deal of research was conducted exploring the power of IVIVC. It became a main focus not just of the pharmaceutical industry but also of academia and regulatory authorities (emami). IVIVC became popular because it can be used as a substitute for resource intensive bioavailability testing; the concept has essentially improved the speed and cost of drug development as well as quality control in pharmaceutical manufacturing (emami). Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Bioavailability is an important concept because it determines the efficacy, safety and reproducibility of the therapeutic effect of drugs and the many formulations in which they come (TGA). For the purpose of drugs that produce a systemic therapeutic effect, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) (TGA) defines bioavailability as the extent and the rate at which a substance or its active moiety is delivered from a pharmaceutical form and becomes available in the general circulation. Bioavailability is therefore inherently linked to drug absorption and may also be predicted using IVIVC as defined by the BCS. If two pharmaceutically equivalent (same active ingredient and content in the same formulation) products have the same bioavailability they are considered bioequivalent and will essentially have the same efficacy and safety. Bioequivalence is important because it is the basis for which innovator medicines can be substituted with generics. Strength of in vitro in vivo correlations The BCS is a predictive tool for determining which drugs will have an IVIVC. Table ? demonstrates that under the BCS only class II along with some class I drugs are expected to have IVIVCs (amidon). Research subsequent to Dr. Amidons first BCS publication has generally upheld his initial findings however exceptions to the rule have been found. Table ?: IVIVC Expectations for Immediate Release Products Based on Biopharmaceutics Class (amidon) Class Solubility Permeability IVIVC Expectation* I High High IVIVC if dissolution rate is slower than gastric emptying rate, otherwise limited or no correlation II Low High IVIVC expected if in vitro dissolution rate is similar to in vivo dissolution rate, unless dose is very high III High Low Absorption (permeability) is rate determining and limited or no IVIVC with dissolution rate IV Low Low Limited or no IVIVC expected *A limited correlation means that the dissolution rate while not controlling may be similar to the absorption rate and the extent of correlation will depend on the relative rates. Drugs with IVIVC The BCS suggests that if the bioavailability of a drug is dissolution rate limited then a good IVIVC should be possible. This notion has been demonstrated for flutamide a very poorly soluble high dose compound which is not expected to have IVIVC but has dissolution rate limited absorption (posti). A paper published by Posti, Katila Kostiainen(posti) concluded that there is a strong IVIVC for flutamide and this was identified on four separate occasions where bioavailability was studied. All four studies were of single dose, cross over design and each subsequent study increased the number of subjects tested (study I: n = 6, Study IV: n = 24). The strength of the papers methodology provides good support for its conclusions however this was undermined by a lack of documented statistical analysis. Much more compelling evidence comes from a study by Sakuma et. al. (Sakuma) which was able to show an IVIVC for two BCS class I drugs after they received an enteric coating, thus eliminating the possibility that gastric emptying was the rate limiting step. The results were statistically significant however the tablets were tested in rat models rather than human subjects and the dissolution test may not have adequately reflected the in vivo environment that enteric coated tablets are subject to (Sakuma). Further study in human subjects demonstrating the difference in IVIVC between enteric and non-enteric coated tablets could not be identified in the literature. There are hundreds of other drugs which have an IVIVC and these are neither limited to BCS class II drugs or drugs with dissolution rate limited absorption. Theophylline is a BCS class IV drug and yet in a complete cross over study of four different theophylline tablets the in vitro dissolution was able to significantly predict several in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC Cmax) which dictate bioavailability (varshosaz). The study was small (n = 6) and not all pharmacokinetic parameters could be correlated. Other common drug examples with IVIVC include digoxin (shaw), rifampicin (pahkla), diclofenac (Jantratid 2) and lamotrigine (hiten) and these are by no means exhaustive. Drugs without IVIVC Not all drugs have an IVIVC and this can also include some BCS class II drugs. A research paper by Frick, Moller Wirbitzki 1998(frick) demonstrated that the in vitro dissolution of glimepiride (BCS class II) is not comparable to dissolution in vivo. The study employed a single dose cross-over design with 12 subjects, latin-square statistical analysis was employed and the results are assumed to be significant however not all the data was accompanied by supporting confidence values. No correlation was possible because the solubility of glimepiride is low and strongly pH dependent (frick). Unlike glimepiride ciprofloxacin, a quinolone antibiotic, is classified as a BCS class III drug and as a consequence would not be predicted to have an IVIVC. Correspondingly, when tested for this possibility none could be found between dissolution and any of the parameters for bioavalabilty (Tmax, Cmax, AUC Ka) (khan). Strength of BCS in predicting IVIVC There is a wide variance between IVIVCs that are anticipated according to the BCS and those that are actually demonstrated after experimental testing. Examples have been provided where both expected and unexpected correlation occurs and this suggests that the BCS system while helpful should only be taken as a guide. Laboratory testing is still the only reliable method for determining if a correlation is occurs. Paracetamol is a BCS class III medication and as such is not expected to demonstrate strong IVIVC. Given the fact that paracetamol has a wide therapeutic index and the BCS can only be used as a guide, a safe and useable IVIVC may still exist. IVIVC of paracetamol The prodigious use of paracetamol, vast quantities of the drug manufactured and the presence of many generic products in the marketplace makes it a prime candidate for IVIVC testing. In 1996 Retaco et. al.(retaco) conducted a small crossover study using five subjects to assess whether an IVIVC for paracetamol may exist. The study stated that the absorption data from saliva partially correlated with those found in vitro(retaco), however this is not a valid conclusion. One of the subjects studied produced in vivo data that opposed a correlation and this anomaly was further compounded by the fact that statistical analysis was not performed on the IVIVC but rather covered the in vitro and in vivo data separately. This pilot study was later verified retaco (word document) invivo bioequivalence but not invitro dissolution equivalent Babalola (word document) Cautious use of IVIVC Dominguez IVIVC but not bioequivalent Dont use IVIVC Biowaiver for bioequivalence testing In vivo bioequivalence studies are required to ascertain the risk of therapeutic inequivalence from potential differences in bioavailability. The BCS has outlined properties of solid preparations which require evaluation, i.e. solubility, permeability, and dissolution rate (11). In addition to this, the non-critical therapeutic range of a drug should also be considered (11). It should be noted that products produced by the same manufacturer at the same site are exempt from bioequivalence studies (12). Paracetamol BCS classification relevant properties. Several characteristics must be considered when a drug presents as a candidate for a biowaiver through dissolution testing. Paracetamol is classified as a BCS Class III drug, although it possesses properties which deem it to be borderline Class I (2). Characteristics relevant to the active ingredient Risk of therapeutic failure or adverse drug reactions i.e. the need for critical plasma concentrations. When considering a biowaiver for a drug substance, its therapeutic use and therapeutic index also needs to be taken into account (13). In the case of paracetamol, the therapeutic indications are not critical, and there is a wide difference between the usual therapeutic dose and toxic doses. Given that an optimal therapeutic dose for an adult is 1g, and that hepatocellular necrosis can result from ingestion of 10-15g, it can be assumed that acetaminophen is not a narrow therapeutic index drug (2). Risk of bioinequivalence: Previous evidence of bioavailability problems for an active substance can complicate the justification of in vitro dissolution bioequivalence correlation (11). For paracetamol, the absolute bioavailability has not been shown to vary between therapeutic dose ranges of 5-20mg/kg (2). Other studies have also demonstrated that bioequivalence in different IR paracetamol preparations is achievable (10, 14, 15). Solubility: If a drug is highly water soluble it generally lends to exemption of bioequivalence testing, however polymorphism and particle size are major determinants of dissolution and must be considered (11). A drug is considered highly soluble if the amount contained in a preparation of maximal strength dissolves in 250mL of three buffered solutions ranging between a pH of 1-8 at 37C (11). Paracetamol has a pKa of 9.5 and is therefore not substantially ionized at a pH less than 9. As a result, it can be said that its solubility does not vary with pH (2). The highest strength IR preparation of paracetamol is 500mg. Experimentally, his has been shown to dissolve in 21mL (2), which is significantly less than the 250mL that is required by the BCS guidances to prove solubility (11, 13). Pharmacokinetic properties: High permeability which is typically indicated by a linear absorption pattern, reduces the potential influence of an IR preparation on bioavailability (11). For paracetamol, the permeability is slightly below the cut-off value of 90%, i.e. one study by Stewart et al. (16) found permeability to be 80% once absorbed. This formally excludes paracetamol from being considered for a biowaiver, although extensions to BCS Class III drugs has recently been given more attention (17, 18). Characteristics relevant to the medicinal product Rapid dissolution: Dissolution profiles can be regarded as equal when more than 85% of the active ingredient is dissolved within 15 minutes (11). This comparison must occur between test and reference product in three buffers which with a pH range between 1-8, at 37C (11). Paracetamol tablets have been shown to dissolve within 30 minutes (14), however this rate does not satisfy BCS exemption standards. Excipients: Those included are to be well established and not in atypically large quantities. Kalantzi et al. (2) details a table of acceptable excipients which can be used within paracetamol IR tablet formulations which are considered for in vitro dissolution biowaiver. Manufacture: Critical parameters such as particle size and polymorphism should be addressed and documentation should be provided in the dossier that is submitted to TGA (11). Paracetamol has three metastable forms, the only commercially available from is the monoclinic acetaminophen as it is the most thermodynamically stable polymorph (2). From review of the literature, it can be concluded that in vivo bioequivalence testing of solid, oral IR paracetamol dosage forms may not be necessary. This can be justified given that a formulation can be shown to (2): Rapidly dissolve under USP guidelines Contain only the acceptable excipients, in usual quantities Demonstrates dissolution profile similar to reference product under conditions stated in USP guidelines Other drugs with biowaiver Other drugs have been considered for biowaivers, such as: acetazolamide, acyclovir, amitryptiline, atenolol, chloroquine, cimetidine, diclofenac, doxycycline hyclate, ethambutol, ibuprofen, isoniazid, metoclopramide, prednisolone, prednisone, pyrazinamide, propranolol, quinidine, ranitidine, rifampicin and verapamil (19). A biowaiver was deemed to be appropriate for all these drugs except for acetazolamide (20) and frusemide (21). Interestingly, both these reviews were performed by the same author. Statement of Purpose Aim hypothesis The purpose of the proposed study is to compare the dissolution profiles of allegedly bioequivalent IR paracetamol preparations listed on the PBS. In particular, comparisons between every preparation will be made, rather than a single comparison against a referent. We hypothesize that there will be no significant difference between the dissolution profile of IR paracetamol tablets when dissolved according to USP specifications. Methodology We propose to analyse the dissolution profiles of eight PBS listed bioequivalent paracetamol preparations, namely; APO-paracetamol, Chemmart Paracetamol, Dymadon P, Febridol, Panamax, Paracetamol Sandoz, Paralgin, and Terry White Chemists Paracetamol. Sixteen tablets of each preparation will be dissolved in compliance with USP dissolution test for tablets and capsules, using apparatus II. As mandated, tablets are to be dissolved in 900mL phosphate buffer at a pH of 5.8 with a paddle set to 50rpm. Samples will be taken at intervals of 2,5,10,15,30,45,60 minutes in concordance with practice by Dominguez et al. (22). These aliquots will be examined for paracetamol by UV spectrophotometry at 289nm. These data will be statistically analysed by ANOVA.

Macbeth Good vs Evil Essay

â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it† â€Å"let not light see my deep and dark desires† â€Å"to alter favour ever is to fear† â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe† â€Å"Point against point, rebellious arm ‘gainst arm† 1. How are they corrupted by the evil in them? After reaching the highest level success Macbeth still desires more and is willing to fall to any level to achieve it. When the evil presents Macbeth with the opportunity, he puts all his trust in it later to find out evil has played a double game. 2. Is Lady Macbeth totally evil? Lady Macbeth is not evil she is only trying to help her husband in his ambition, she takes support of evil to fulfil her ambition when she pushes Macbeth to kill Duncan and challenges his manhood that she forgets her morals because she is too lost in her ambition. 3. Find examples in the play in which characters try to hide the truth from around them? Macbeth hallucinates about Banquo’s ghost who symbolises Macbeth’s goodness but to hide his guilty conscious he becomes cruel towards others. Banquo hides the prophecy from the rest of the kingdom because he doesn’t believe them to be true, but still doubts Macbeth for Duncan’s murder. 4. Why do they do it? Macbeth hid his 3 prophecies from others because he didn’t know whether it would be true or not and because once he heard that Malcolm will inherit his father’s throne. He and Lady Macbeth planned to kill the king therefore, if people knew about his prophecies they would have suspect him in an instant the King is dead. 5. What does this tell us about the world around them? The world is very small and they would go to any limits to protect themselves and achieve their goals. 6. Macbeth and Banquo’s reactions to the witches’ prophecies are very different. In what ways? Macbeth doesn’t believe at first but when he is promoted he starts to believe and uses the prophecies as guide towards his ambition whereas Banquo never believed in the witched and always thought they were evil. 7. What are the different consequences of their attitudes? Macbeth believed in evil and let it guide him into an instant of success which eventually leads him to his own destruction, death. Banquo doesn’t believe in evil and let good guide his way, but is murdered by Macbeth because he was so good that Macbeth got scared for his safety. 8. Would you consider Macbeth’s ambition to be flaw in his character? Macbeth ambition is too great for him to handle, and he put all of his trust on those prophecies which lead to his downfall. Those prophecies can be seen as hallucination and instead of trusting his surroundings, his friends. 9. What about Lady Macbeth’s ambition? Is she ambitious for herself or her husband? Lady Macbeth’s ambition only started when she got the letter from Macbeth and she wanted to help her husband make the prophecies come true. The only thing that’s in the way to make the prophecy came true is Malcolm. 10. What has the play got to tell us about selfish, unchecked ambition? The play tells the audience that being selfish will display and illusion success would disappear if the person stops to feel human emotions. 11. Why does Banquo’s ghost only appear to Macbeth during the banquet? Banquo’s ghost only appeared to Macbeth during the banquet is because it was Macbeth’s conscience and guilt that take shape to form Banquo’s ghost. No one else in the banquet knew that it was Macbeth who plotted his friend’s death. 12. What does this tell us about Macbeth’s conscience? It tells us that Macbeth is guilty of the crimes he had committed, and soon realises that once his left alone no one he could trust, like Banquo. 13. Find examples in the play to comment on this theme When Duncan is King of Scotland, it seems that the place is peaceful and everyone can trust each other. Whereas when Macbeth is King there are chaos everywhere and people couldn’t trust each other because they afraid that the other person might be Macbeth’s spies and their lives would be in danger if they said anything against Macbeth. 14. Consider Banquo’s sense of honour Banquo might as well be a little responsible for Duncan death because he hide the prophecies from the kingdom though he always remained loyal to his serving king. 15. Why is Malcolm so suspicious of an honourable character like Macduff? Malcolm was so suspicious of Macduff because the former Thane of Cawdor was an honourable man and yet he betrayed Duncan. Malcolm wanted to make sure that when he would be surrounded by trustworthy and loyal Thanes and not the ones that would be power hungry like Macbeth. 16. Review and list again the qualities Shakespeare thinks are needed by a king to govern a country Honesty Kind Fair Loyalty Generosity Courage 17. List the things that are not what they seem to be, and people whose reality is different from their appearance †¢Duncan visits Macbeth’s castle and was amazed at the view of the castle but didn’t know that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth plotted to kill him. †¢The old Thane of Cawdor seems like he’s very noble but he ended up being a traitor. A dagger – A A wood – B False promises – A A ghost – A Two guilty grooms – A A wicked prince- A A ‘foul and fair’ day – B.

Cheat Sheet MDM Risk analysis

Decisions based on them are dangerous! A single point only ever tells us what the average of two cases is, never what happens between the two cases! Poor understanding of downside risk poor understanding of upside opportunity 2) Scenario analysis: Define your scenarios; best-worst-base There are a range of results!Check if risk makes a difference 3) Use distributions for the uncertainties to describe key risk drivers Choose distribution based on historical data or expert opinion Distribution is important for the simulation; based on the given distribution, the simulator ill be more/less likely to pick numbers in specific ranges Uniform: same probability of all numbers in a given range Triangle: point within the range is much more likely than the other points Normal: you know the middle point but it could be off by X in either direction 4) Run (at)Risk (Monte-Carlo simulation) Define distributions (step 3) Define output cell fir which to simulate results Things to look out for Mean of objective variable (usually NAP) Compare results with scenario results (atria's will give better indication of the range than the scenarios! Look at full range of outcomes Look at standard deviation and at confidence range Look at downside risk and upside potential. What is % of being above/below specific number? What is breakable probability? What is the distribution like? Perform Monte-Carlo simulation to Evaluate different possible outcomes Determine expected result, range of results, probability of results (e. G. Probability of break-even), downside risk, etc.. Advantages: avoid the Flaw of Averages, understand the risk, test your intuition 5) Sensitivity analysis Purpose Examine sensitivity of results when model parameters are varied Observe change in results due to change in assumptionsIdentify main uncertainty drivers / key risk drivers Methodology What-if analysis (simple changing of numbers to see what happens) One-way & two-way sensitivity analysis Tornado diagrams One-wa y & two-way sensitivity analysis Use one-way sensitivity analysis (data table) to check how changes to a variable effect the output variable. Use Goal Seek to find breakable point of that variable. Use two-way sensitivity analysis (data table) to check for changes in two different variables at the same time Tornado diagram Check for impact of each variable / parameter, sorted in order of magnitude Shows you on which variables you should focus most, where the most important risks lie! Some Excel info points: Simulation settings: EXAMPLE QUESTIONS ON RISK ANALYSIS 1 .In what type of decision context could risk analysis be useful and why may it be dangerous to rely on single point forecasts? What techniques can you use to overcome the problems of such forecasts? How do you decide what technique is most appropriate to use? Every business decision entails risk dangerous! A single point only ever tells us what the average Of two cases is, never what happens between the two cases! Example answer for this part: These numbers are based on the average scenario which is not necessarily representative of the true value (argue why could over- or underestimate). Furthermore, they do not tell us anything about the risk.Technique: scenario analysis or simulation 2. Explain in your own words how Monte Carlo Simulation could be useful to a decision maker Evaluate different possible outcomes Averages, understand the risk, test your intuition 3. Explain how the simulation process works to produce results that are useful to a decision maker Example answer: This is different from the E,250 that Carolina's predecessor estimated because the original estimate was made using only single-value estimates for each of the variables.However, by using a Monte Carlo simulation that allows for a range of possible values (with a triangular distribution to account for the higher likelihood of the values Of 5% and 20% for economy and business, respectively). This means that, based on 1 ,OHO ite rations of possible combinations for each of the variables as per the arranging definition of the potential values for each variable under each iteration, the mean of the cost is E 10,277. 4. A friend of yours has just learned about simulation methods and has asked you to conduct a complicated risk analysis to help her making a choice. She said she would be happy to let you solve the problem and then recommend what action she should take. Explain why she needs to be involved in the analysis and modeling process and what kind of information you need from her.Risk analysis requires information about the characteristics of a particular uncertainty (e. G. Shape of probability striation function, range of likely values etc) 5. A simulation model has produced the following three risk profiles displayed below. What advice would you give to the decision maker on the basis of this output? Choice depends on risk attitude, personal wealth, importance of project success and cost of investment a lternative. Alternative C has the highest associated payoff. However, range of possible payoffs is quite large. The steeper the shape of the probability distribution function, the smaller the range of possible expected payoffs (look at standard deviation of outcomes).Consider 5% confidence interval of most likely payoffs. Alternative A has quite a big confidence interval with relatively flat slope at the edges. Look at intersection of B and C and argue which one is less risky. 6. Your boss has asked you to work up a simulation model to examine the uncertainty regarding the success or failure of five different investment projects. He provides probabilities for the success of each project individually (numbers given). Because the projects are run by people in different segments of their investment market, you both agree that it would be reasonable to believe that, given these probabilities, he outcomes of the projects are independent.He points out, however, that he really is not fully confident in these probabilities and that they could be off by as much as 0. 05 in either direction on any given probability. (a) How can you incorporate this uncertainty about the probabilities in the simulation model? Use normal distributions for each project with Sd= 0. 05 (b) Now suppose he changes probability to include ranges. How can you update your simulation model to take this additional information into account? Update probability distributions – triangle, discrete, uniform, normal Example answer: He should use historical data and his expert judgment to estimate the distribution of inputs. He should apply a normal distribution if the different values are independent of each other.Example for normal distribution argument: However, since the number of high quality applications is the sum of the individual decisions â€Å"whether or not to apply/' of a substantial amount of high caliber young professionals, and since this decision is taken by each potential applicant to a large extend independently of each other, the normal distribution with mean 630 seems reasonable. Moreover, given the potential range of high quality applications is between 51 0 and 750, a standard deviation of 60 seems reasonable; that is, the range of 240 students corresponds to 4 standard deviations. Since the proportion of offers accepted is again the sum of many individual decisions, the normal distribution with mean 58% and standard deviation of 2% might be reasonable. 7. Interpret the following risk analysis result tables ask at: Minimum, expected, maximum, P(loss) = x % (downside risk), P(> X) = Y% (upside potential) 8. Interpret sensitivity analysis Describe how output variable is sensitive to given assumptions/parameters.Describe how output variable minimizes and maximizes with the different scenarios; what is the upside potential and downside risk Example answer: The total cost decreases by El ,800 for each 5% increase in the business class no-show rate from 15% to 20% (at which point it is minimized), but then increases by E,700 per percentage point increase from 20% to 30%. The rate Of increase is consistent regardless of the rate of economy no-show. (could include more insights!!! ) The two-way sensitivity table and the accompanying chart show us that in the lower ranges of the possible no-show rates, the total cost is sensitive to both variables in fairly similar proportion, until the optimum combination (I. E. The minimized cost) is reached at 5% economy and 20% business. After this inflection point, the total cost becomes much more sensitive to changes in the business class no-show rate. 9.Describe, compare and explain the shape of a distribution. Risk profile: probability of making a loss vs. a profit Minimum versus maximum Variance Size of 90% confidence interval around the mean Expected return mean average) Include arguments why distributions might differ with different scenarios 1 0) Make recommendation based on the results. Will us ually be trade-off between high risk for higher return on average and lower risk for lower return on average Include risk profiles, probabilities, maximum and minimum numbers†¦ Example answer: The policy that we have recommended is better than the others, because it has the lowest average total cost.Furthermore, the 95% confidence interval has the narrowest range of possible values, as well as the lowest probability that costs will exceed El 7,000. However, even though our recommended policy is better overall, it is not necessarily going to be the best on each individual flight. However, this doses t matter since the average cost is the single most important criterion when choosing a policy because you have 365 * 4 flights per year. One additional insight you could generate is the simulated cost difference between the current and suggested policies. The new policy is worse than the original policy 6% of the times. 1 1) What can be further done to improve profitability and manag e the risks involved?

The Virgin Group Virgin America Inc. - 1511 Words

The Virgin Group, is a British international corporation conglomerate founded by entrepreneurs Sir Richard Branson and Nik Powell in the 1970. Today, the Virgin Group, operates in 13 regions internationally, in seven industries with a net worth valued at $4.9 billion (Virgin, n.d.). Although, the Virgin Group is made up of several largely diversified companies, for the general purpose of this assessment, we will concentrate on the airline sector of the Virgin Group. Virgin-branded airlines include: Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Galactic, Virgin Australia and Virgin America. In this analysis, we will take an in-depth look at the external, internal and SWOT analysis for Virgin America Airline. Virgin America Virgin America Inc., is an American†¦show more content†¦Virgin America invests a great deal into its staffing and development as they recognize that they are key in delivering the â€Å"Virgin Experience† to all its passengers. Providing world-class training and ongoing training throughout the years by hosting special educational events, even teaching staff sign languages so they are better able to assist disabled passengers. With a distinctive and innovative management style, it serves as one of Virgin’s tangible resources. Virgin’s Hand-off approach to management empowers its employees to take personal ownership in the overall success of Virgin America, promoting organic growth both internally and externally; moreover, is said to be the root cause for its overall success (Grant, 2012). Physical Resources, Virgin America is one of the youngest fleets within the U.S. airline industry at only 10 years comprising of 63 wide-body planes for its long term operations. Airlines SWOT Analysis 4 The Virgin Group owns land, property, plants, equipment and cross industry success. Investing in its fleet with Airbus and taking the corporation public grossing millions in revenue. 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