Character Is Destiny - 2530 Words

â€Å"Character is Destiny† is a phrase associated with Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher of the 6th century BC who is recognized as one of the most significant philosophers before Socrates and Plato. Unfortunately, very little is known about his life other than what can be gathered from his own statements. Heraclitus lived in Ephesus, an important city on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor, not far from Miletus, the birthplace of philosophy. Ancient biographies of him consist of nothing more than inferences or imaginary constructions based on his sayings (Graham). However, the renowned philosopher Frederick Nietzsche, who drew upon the work of Heraclitus for inspiration, claims that Heraclitus believed â€Å"that a persons character is innate and†¦show more content†¦Though Apollo spurned him and sent him away, first he revealed to Oedipus that â€Å"You are fated to couple with your mother, you will bring a breed of children into the light no man can bear to see  œ you will kill your father, the one who gave you life!† (Sophocles 638). Like Larius, Oedipus did everything he could to prevent his terrible fate. Upon hearing this prophecy, Oedipus fled from the city of Corinth and vowed never to return as long as Polybus and Merope, who he believed to be his parents, were still alive. As Oedipus is leaving the city he encounters a horse drawn chariot that forces him off the road. As the chariot goes by, Oedipus hits the driver in anger and the man swings back. Oedipus hits him with a blow that knocks him out of the chariot, and the man falls dead to the ground (Sophocles 638-639). Unbeknown to Oedipus, the man he killed was his real father. After this, Oedipus continues his travels, coming to the city of Thebes. Here people are facing great misfortune. King Laius had been killed, the city is suffering from a plague, and they are at the mercy of The Sphinx, who was causing destruction because no one was able to solve her riddle. Oedipus so lves the riddle and puts an end to the monster’s reign. In their joy the people of Thebes name Oedipus their king and presentShow MoreRelatedCharacter Is Destiny Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter is destiny. Heraclitus, Greek philosopher (c. 540-c. 475 B.C.) This famous quote has birthed many ideas and philosophies about life and our final destination. Similarly, in Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge, issues about life, character, fate and destiny are explored. Ironically, the quote about character being our destiny is being challenged and questioned over and over again in the context of this tragic novel. Indeed, Henchard is a victim of his own delusions. He has falselyRead MoreThe Sword Of Destiny Character Analysis1585 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Sword of Destiny† by Andrej Sapkowski is a fantasy book about a monster hunter a.k.a. â€Å"Witcher†, which pursuits the love of his life, a sorceress. Seen as a monster and an abomination of nature, Geralt, â€Å"the Witcher†, deals in the same time with his destiny confrontation, and with racism. Even if the book uses a fantasy setting the theme of racism deals with real life problems, like the perception of the mases on minorities. On the other hand, â€Å"To Kill a Mocking Bird† by Harper Lee takes a moreRead More The Strong Character and Unavoidable Destiny of Oedipus Rex Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strong Character and Unavoidable Destiny of Oedipus Rex    Oedipus the King, by Sophocles is about Oedipus, a man doomed by his fate. Like most tragedies, Oedipus the King contains a tragic hero, a heroic figure unable to escape his own doom. This tragic hero usually has a hamartia, a tragic flaw, which causes his downfall. The tragic flaw that Sophocles gives Oedipus is hubris (exaggerated pride or self-confidence), which is what caused Oedipus to walk right into the fate he sought toRead MoreEssay about Characters vs. Destiny in As You Like It1956 Words   |  8 Pagesagain, and is still being argued over time and time again. Whether the author knew it or not, Shakespeare explored this question in his play As You Like It through the characters of the play. Characters who, like so many of his others, display typical human natures. Shakepeare seems to have captured a spirit in all of his characters that is so true to life that almost anyone can relate in some way or another. Shakespeare is a writer who seems to so easily capture the true nature of people. OfRead MoreThe Taken King, And Rise Of Destiny : The Development Of The Game1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Destiny 2 beta begins in 7 days. It starts July 18, 2017 on a Tuesday. Its 184 hours away, or 11,040 minutes, or 662,400 seconds away. I am hyped for this if you cannot tell. The reason for this restlessness is because on July 17th, 2014, when the first Destiny beta released I was reassured that it would become maybe my favorite fps of all time. With the release of the full game in September 7, 2014 it became a top 3 Fps for me to play. But, I always felt like there could be more. I always feltRead MoreForrest Gump Analysis Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesGump, the concept of destiny is viewed by the characters in various different ways. Lieutenant Dan believes in predetermined destiny, Jenny spends her entire life trying to take control of her destiny, and Forrest simply takes life one step at a time, believing that destiny is about the journey. Although each character is faced with poor circumstances, Forrest’s view about destiny leads him through the best life compared to the others. Early in the film, Jenny Curran’s character experiences horrifyingRead More Human Destiny and Chance in Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge1228 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Destiny and Chance in Thomas Hardys The Mayor of Casterbridge Present readers might perceive that Thomas Hardys viewpoint in the novel The Mayor of Casterbridge is severe and depressing. However, most people adored Hardy during his living years. In an era when the Industrial Revolution was bringing dramatic and sometimes disturbing changes to England, he celebrated the nations roots in its rustic past. In an era when new ideas like Darwins theory of evolution challenged long establishedRead MoreRun Lola Run and Related Texts.1339 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinctive experiences, Evaluating the idea that visual images give us distinct experiences and how certain experiences can change our destiny. I will discuss this question using my chosen theme that is destiny, In Tom Tyker’s Run Lola Run and my related text Charlie Kaulfmans and Michael Gondrys Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind. Tom Tyker uses the theme of destiny to show how interaction between individuals can create a distinctive experience. Read MoreFate And Fate1431 Words   |  6 Pagesof the central characters are compelled to challenge. In Homer s Iliad, fate constantly appears to be hiding around the bend, sitting tight for its next prey to meet his or her predetermined course, which is at last demise. Indeed, still the divine beings are unfit to halt or mediate over the span of fate. However, in spite of the calamity and anguish that fate serves, it also appears that free will in the Iliad is not obsolete. Choices are carried out, when confronted with destiny, and despite theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Antigone By Sophocles1182 Words   |  5 Pagestragedies. As for the characters in Antigone, their fates end up being unavoidable, whether it is due to the reason that they refused to accept it until it was very late, or they accepted the fate and permitte d it to come to pass. The character’s lives possess set conclusions, and there exits some clues on what these conclusions shall be, and when they shall happen. The characters are frequently capable of knowing their fate and reacting to it. At certain periods, characters accept their fate since

Comparing the Poems City Jungle by Pie Corbett, London by...

Comparing the Poems City Jungle by Pie Corbett, London by William Blake and Londinium by Catatonia City Jungle by Pie Corbett, London by William Blake and Londinium by Catatonia are poems that share the same theme: cities and city life. They each have negative opinions of cities and similar themes and messages, that cities are unpleasant. The poems are however, vastly different in their style; City Jungle has a fun atmosphere, whereas Londinium and London have depressing atmospheres (especially London). City jungle is simple, direct and modern title that paradoxically compares cities to jungles; both are over crowded, hostile places though are opposite extremes on the spectrum of†¦show more content†¦In Londinium Catatonia (a famous singer/song writer from Wales) autobiographically expresses that she would like to leave London and go, perhaps home to Wales because of the capitalism, commercialism and pollution of London. Both London and Londinium are written in the first person narrative in such a style that it is like the poet is talking to us. Blake describes to us what he sees as he walks around London and Catatonia communicates her opinions of London whilst she is in a taxi. City Jungle is written in narrative but in the third person, unlike London and Londinium. London is written in an old fashioned, formal style, the language Londinium is colloquial and the language in City Jungle is metaphorical. The atmospheres of all three poems are fundamentally the same, depressing, negative and sinister. However the poets approaches to the depression and negativity are quite different. Although City Jungle depressing it has a comical and bizarre atmosphere, A motorbike snarls; Dustbins flinch.. London has an apparently depressing atmosphere, as does Londinium. It is clear to see that Blake is genuinely distressed by what he sees when walking around London, Catatonia merely finds the place unpleasant and has a desire to leave it. City Jungle absolutely brims with imagery, metaphors

Demand And Supply of Lauric Oil free essay sample

What is lauric oil? And what are its applications? Lauric oil is the common name of coconut oil and palm kernel oil, both are derived from species of palms and are distinguished from other fats by their high content of lauric acid (44 to 52 percent) (Codex Stan, 2009). Because of the low molecular weight of their acids, these fats feature a very low degree of unsaturation and a relatively low melting point. These oils are highly resistant to oxidation. Coconut oil is obtained from coconut copra, which is dried coconut meat (Fife Bruce, 2005). Palm kernel oil is obtained from the kernel of the fruit. Both products are available in different grades (Peter KV Kurain, 2007). Crude Coconut Oil known as CNO is used in the manufacture of amines and industrial soaps. It typically has higher free fatty acid content than ordinary vegetable oils. Edible Coconut Oil has been refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD). It is an important feedstock for oleochemicals and a component for resins. Surfactants produced from coconut oil are used in soaps, detergents, shampoos and emulsifiers. In the edible field, it can be found in ice cream, ice cream coatings, popping oil and as spray oil. Hydrogenated Coconut Oil is used as a shortening, in coffee whitener, whipped dessert toppings and in confectionery products. (Mike Foale, 2003) Palm Kernel Oil known as PKO, its availability is more reliable than coconut oil because the biggest producing country Malaysia does not suffer from the droughts and typhoons which plague the Philippines and other coconut oil producing countries. The two oils can be used interchangeably, although PKO has a higher iodine value and higher content of unsaturated acids. Industrially, it is used mainly in soaps. Edible uses include margarine and confectionery products. Rajah Rasiah Azmi Shahrin, 2006) Both CNO and PKO are considered as commodities and it’s getting more and more important in the international market due to the widely usage for many applications both in edible and non-edible products (Thomas H. Applewhite, 1994). Page 3 2. FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND 2. 1 Population and food demand It is becoming increasingly difficult to sati sfy the rising global demand for food in a sustainable manner. Main reason contributes to the uncertainty in our ability to meet the food demand is the world population growth. Each day 200,000 more people are added to the world food demand. The world’s human population has increased near fourfold in the past 100 years (Robert Engelman, 2011); it is projected to increase from 6. 7 billion at 2006 to 9. 2 billion by 2050, as shown in below Figure 2. 1. Every new people added each day, which will need lots resources, especially food and food related resources. Figure 2. 1 Global Population Estimates and Projections (Source: http://www. grida. no/graphic. aspx? f=series/rr-food-crisis/figure04. jpg) Page 4 2. 2 Crude oil and biodiesel High crude oil prices signal the world that substitute transportation fuels are needed, and for the time being, the primary source of substitute fuel is biodiesel, which a truly renewable resource and burns clean, keeps our skies and soil clean. Biodiesel is a kind of blended fuel made from animal fats, advanced non-food alternative crops and natural vegetable oils, which including lauric oil as one of the major resource. (Gerhard Knothe, 2005) Edible vegetable oil is expected to remain the major feedstock used to produce biodiesel as shown in below figure2. 2. Figure 2. Global Biodiesel Productions by Feedstock (Source: OECD FAO, http://www. oecd. org/document/9/0,3746,en_36774715_36775671_45438665_1_1,00. html) World biodiesel prices are expected to continue to rally in future. Over the Outlook period, biodiesel prices are expected to remain firm as policies promoting green fuel use are being implemented and crude oil prices are expected to remain strong. Global biodiesel producti on is projected to continue to expand rapidly over the next ten years. (Esmarie Swanepoel, 2007) Page 5 2. 3 Prices of palm and other vegetable oils As shown in below Figure 2. 3. Since 2007, a price band has appeared linking vegetable oil prices to petroleum prices, within a price band with vegetable oils at a premium. We see that a price band is in place, which only emerged in 2007. If prices of vegetable oils move too far above crude oil, a correction occurs to close the gap, and typically this correction occurs rapidly. We saw such a correction in 2008 and there was again a quick correction early this year. The sensitivity of biofuel demand to the gap between vegetable oil and crude oil prices is what has created this new link between vegetable oil and petroleum prices. As well as Luric shown in Figure 2. 4 which also does not escape from this price band, especially the price floor of CNO and PKO will set by the price of crude palm oil known as CPO. (James Fry, 2011) Figure 2. 3 Vegetable oil prices V. S Crude oil price (Source: Palm Oil Conference, http://www. lmc. co. uk/Report. aspx? id=4repID=4349flag=67073) Page 6 Figure 2. 4 PKO CPO prices V. S Crude oil price (Source: Palm Oil Conference, http://www. lmc. co. uk/Report. aspx? id=4repID=4349flag=67073) 2. 4 Important events of year 2011 2011 is a year of great economic uncertainty, a small country like Greece, maller than most provinces in China, creating economic instability in the whole of the Euro region. What is even more perplexing is the inability of other more rich Euro countries to resolve this problem which has been around for over a year. In another side if world, the world’s second largest economy – China, is losing momentum, the government reported inflation cooled t o 4. 2 per cent last month from 5. 5 per cent in October. New figures show Chinas industrial production slowed to its slowest pace in two years in November. Chinas economy has been slowing with growth expected to drop below nine per cent in 2012. GDP growth in the quarter that ended in September was 9. 1 per cent. The Macro economic situation in Euro – land, USA and in China is going to play a very important role in demand price behaviour over the next 12 months. (Dorab E Mistry, 2011) Page 7 3. FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY 3. 1 Climate According to the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community, coconut production has been affected globally by climate changes during the last two years. As a result, the production in all major coconut producing countries like Philippines, Indonesia and Sri Lanka has been reeling. Sri Lankan production has recorded a 15 year low of 2. 33 Billion nuts in 2010 as against the annual average production of 2. 7 Billion nuts. The rise in domestic price has compelled the Sri Lankan Government to ban export of coconut and felling of coconut palms, and even arranging imports of nuts (K. Satheesh Babu, 2010). The recovery in copra production in Philippines has been postponed recently. Over the years, due t o the major climate events such as typhoon and flood, Philippines and India have given us a classic example on how to allow an agricultural crop to decline and to keep declining. Datum showed that CNO production in 2011 declined by about 300,000 tones. On the other hand, Palm Kernel oil production was up by at least 700,000 tones, in parallel with the surge in CPO production. Hence overall, lauric oil production expands by about 400,000 tones. (Dorab, 2011) 3. 2 Incremental Supply forecast for 2011 – 2012 As shown in below Figure 3. 1 3. 2, Global coconut oil is dominated by Indonesia, Philippines and India; Global palm oil production is dominated by Indonesia and Malaysia. But as mentioned earlier, both Philippines and India are suffering production plunge due to climate issues, lack of appropriate reactions and facing strong domestic demand. Hence, possible significant incremental FOR Lauric oil will only from Indonesia which the dominated producing country for both CNO and PKO. Both Coconut oil and Palm oil production is very land-intensive and growth projections for Indonesia will require the conversion of millions of hectares of forest into plantations in the years to come (Vinay Chand, 2011). For 2012, CNO is expected to recover but that recovery appears to be postponed and insignificant as of current indications. On the other hand, PKO production rose about 700,000 tonnes in 2011, but next year, in 2012, it will rise by much less (Dorab, 2011). Page 8 Country Indonesia Philippines India Sri Lanka Brazil Thailand Viet Nam Mexico Papua New Guinea United Republic of Tanzania Coconut Production (MT) 2009 21,565,700 15,667,600 10,148,000 2,099,000 1,973,370 1,380,980 1,128,500 1,004,710 930,000 577,099 Figure 3. 1 World Top Ten Countries by Coconut Production (Source: FAO 2009, http://www. mapsofworld. com/world-top-ten/world-map-coconut-production-countries. html) Figure 3. 2 World Palm Oil Productions (Source: Oil World, GAPKI, http://arieyoedo. blogspot. com/2011/05/approach-and-strategy-for-developing. tml) Page 9 3. 3 New policy highlights The news on the recovery in CNO production is getting more doubtful with each passing day. Export availability of CNO and PKO from Indonesia will be constrained as a result of the new Export Tax Regime. It seems that those who have to consume CNO or PKO are in a hard time for 2012 (Dorab, 2011). 4. ANALYSIS 4. 1 USD per MT Past record for Lauric oil prices Figure 4. 1 CNO PKO prices reco rd from Year 2001 – 2011 (Source: Datum extracted from Weekly Bulletin of United Coconut Associations of the Philippines) Page 10 Figure 4. 2 CNO PKO prices record for 2011 (Source: Datum extracted from Weekly Bulletin of United Coconut Associations of the Philippines) Note the erratic price fluctuations from 2007 onwards, shows Lauric oil prices reacting both to the demand increases and major world incidents as a mixed pattern, for example, demand growth of biodiesel starting from 2006 triggered prices double in 2007 and 2008, economic crisis in 2nd half of 2008 had brought the prices down to the floor level of USD 600 – 700/MT. After crisis, the Lauric oil demand from China and demand for biodiesel were still strong and kept increasing over the year, this brought the prices up to the historical height as USD 2320/MT, which almost triple of the year 2007 prices. As mentioned earlier, due the uncertainties of the Macro economic situation happened in Euro –land and USA early this year, as well as the pessimistic sentiment for China economy, the prices has adjusted to form the new floor price, USD 1,000 – 1,100/MT in Oct, 2011. Without further plunge, the flood in Thailand, monsoon in Indonesia and typhoon in Philippines had seriously affecting the current and future supply which is bringing the prices up again (UCAP Weekly Bulletin, 2011). Page 11 4. 2 Demand and supply analysis As learnt in the text book and illustrated in below Figure 4. 3, the law of demand and law of supply showed us that assume all other things being equal, the higher the price of a product, the lower the demand. The higher the price of a good, the greater is the quantity supplied (David Begg Damian Ward, 2009). Figure 4. 3 Demand and Supply Curve (Source: http://news. charlesayoub. com/article/1653/Supply%20and%20demand) Based on the past price record and all above mentioned affecting factors, the likelihood of demand and supply for Lauric oil in 2012 might be shown as an increase in both demand and supply, but more evidences showed that supply will only increase in minor amount or even remain unchanged. The effects are illustrated in below Figure 4. 4 4. 5. No matter which pattern will occur next year, Lauric oil prices increase will be inevitable if all other affecting or influencing factors remain unchanged. Page 12 Figure 4. 4 Effects of an increase in demand and supply remain unchanged (Source: http://www. raybromley. com/notes/equilchange. html) Figure 4. 5 Effects of an increase in both demand and supply, but supply increases less than demand (Source: http://www. raybromley. com/notes/equilchange. html) Page 13 5. CONCLUSION The market for Lauric oil is unusual, because in the short term that both demand and supply are inelastic. In other words, a relatively large change in price only has a small impact on demand, where small changes to the supply or demand curve cause large changes to the price (David, 2009). In a nutshell, next one year will be a tug of war between bullish fundamentals and a somewhat uncertain macroeconomic situation; besides all affecting and influencing factors mentioned earlier, we have to watch the US Dollar also. A rally in the US Dollar will stabilize prices and put a ceiling on them. Any weakness in the US Dollar will result in higher prices.

Memo Monitoring System Essay Example

Memo Monitoring System Essay Information Technology (IT) has become the order of the day in this 21st century. IT has grown very fast in this past years that in virtually everything we do there is a little bit of IT. Areas that have had a fair share of this technological impact include Banking and Finance, Airline transportation, healthcare delivery services and education. Thanks to IT everything is now simple and easy. The Ghana Revenue Authority currently maintains all the employees’ records manually, which is very expensive, tedious and time-consuming. For example, the employees’ memo details are with the human resource department, financial records are with the accounts department and memo’s about staff welfare is with the welfare department. This paper-based system takes a lot of time of the employees. Occasionally, the employees in the accounts department were finding difficult to manage memo, in its recent Annual General Meeting (AGM), the organization has decided to automate all types of record keeping, and provided easy to use programs for its employees. To overcome these problems faced by Ghana revenue authority, an electronic management system called â€Å"Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys)† is developed to automate all existing paper-based system of Ghana Revenue Authority as well as other back office activities. 1. 1 Aims and Objectives OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT The business goal for the development of the Memo Monitoring System (E-MMSys) application is to support and increase the productivity of the Authority. The application provides complete automation of all existing manual systems of Authority with the following objectives: ) Maintain an electronic record system of all current paper-based taxpayers and employee information; b) Enables easy access and fast retrieval of employee and administrative information. c) Provision of employee search facility. d) Generation of appropriate employee and administrative reports. e) The ability to send emails to employees. 1. 2 Project Category Application Software 1. 4 Scope of Projec t Project Scope and Features The Memo Monitoring System (MMsys) enables the processing of new memos, outgoing and incoming memos status, and its related information. We will write a custom essay sample on Memo Monitoring System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Memo Monitoring System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Memo Monitoring System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The main users of the MMsys system are administrative staff and booking counter employees of the Ghana Revenue Authority From an end-user’s perspective, the system consists of two functional elements: Security Module and Query Module. Security Module The Security Module includes security features like user management and application level password management as well as the following: * Maintains a user master each user is identified by a user name and user type. It is only an admin user who can create and edit user information. Password must be 6 characters long. * Password must be alpha numeric. * While creating a user, the system assigns a default password for the user. The user must change the default password at first login. * All login time stamps are stored in the system for security audit. * Access level, roles and privileges are set for different type of users. Query Module The query module generates screen information for a particular PRN No given. It shows all detai ls about memo handling including current status. The functionality of the Query Module is described in more detail later in this document. All these arrears of functionality are delivered in the first version of the Memo Monitoring System (MMsys). Individual module functionality is described in more detail later in the document. 1. 5 Tools/Platform Type| Software| Hardware| Work Station/ Node| 1. Windows XP or Higher2. VB Run time| 1. P-4 2. RAM -1 GB | Database Server| 1. Win2003 Standard Server or Higher| 1. P-42. RAM- 2GB3. Hard Disk-160GB| Application Server| 1. Win 2003 Advance Server or above| 1. P-42. RAM- 1GB3. Hard Disk-80GB| 1. 6 Limitation Project Limitations The following features are considered out of scope in this version (version 1. 0) of the Memo Monitoring System. Version 2. 0 shall however address these features and other functions deemed not feasible in the version 1. 0. Function| Comment| Version| Linking and integration of any legacy system for handling of records. | Required by management to control and maintain memo record activity| 2| Integration with other public organisation and government machinery. Helps to update and share the data| 2| Connection to third-party Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) applications. | Helps in performance reporting and forecasting. | 2| Sophisticated system to enable hosting of mmsys on the internet and connecting to all departments. | Enable global accessibility of the system. | 2| Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system between different departments. | Aimed to reduce costs and time in the data sharing. | 2| 1. 7 Methodolo gy Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the research methodology used to btain information from a representative sample of employees from the Ghana Revenue Authority on the various issues identified under the Problem Definition in Chapter 1. Questionnaires and semi-structure interviews were used to obtain the primary data from respondents and the project utilized the data from this source to address the research problem. Organization Interviews Due to a general scarcity of literature specifically related to the application of information technology in the Revenue organization, a face-to-face industry interviews was chosen in conjunction with the literature review. This approach was chosen to gain a better understanding of the main issues that confronted the revenue organization as well as what could impact the successful implementation an e-business solution within the revenue organization. Requirements Summary The following preliminary lists are based on the initial interview that was conducted with some management officials of the Ghana Revenue Authority. Chapter Two Literature Review Little research has been conducted into how information technology has successfully been implemented and the associated benefits specifically in the revenue organisation. Based upon a series of interviews held with revenue officers, operation managers, and administrative staff from the Ghana Revenue Authority, this project work puts forward a solution to automate the existing manual and semi-automated activities of the Ghana Revenue Authority. In the late 1991’s and early 21st century many organizations found that their Information Technology budgets have been rising dramatically with little evidence of the promised financial returns. Many references have expounded on the numerous potential benefits to be gained by e-business and new technology implementation. However, much of this literature appears to emanate from those with direct commercial interests, and little offers empirical analysis of early theoretical claims and promises. Revenue workers are not newcomers to communication technology, with many organizations having implemented a memo management system for some time. The e-business environment tends to be a â€Å"collaborative† one moving towards an integrated supply chain. This indicates that the greater risk and inhibitor for the memos may be their reluctance to collaborate. Little has been documented on the potential barriers to adopting e-business and information technologies due to this cultural shift. Anecdotal evidence indicates that sophisticated technology projects in transfer of document and memos have been delayed or failed due to these traditional â€Å"cultural/mindset† factors, along with a general conservative fear of sharing tacit knowledge with both competitors and partners. Despite numerous scares associated with the technology crashes in the late nineties, the market for e-business services continues to grow. It is clear that the transportation industry will continue to operate in an increasingly e-enabled environment in the future. The anticipation is that emerging e-business technologies will be used to create a more effective and efficient transport service. This will be achieved through the use of technology, such as scanning, real-time data access, data warehousing and data mining techniques, sophisticated applications and intelligent management information systems. 2. 1 Problem definition The Ghana Revenue Authority currently maintains all the employees’ records manually, which is very expensive, tedious and time-consuming. For example, the employees’ memo details are with the human resource department, financial records are with the accounts department and memo’s about staff welfare is with the welfare department. This paper-based system takes a lot of time of the employees. Occasionally, the employees in the accounts department were finding difficult to manage memo, in its recent Annual General Meeting (AGM), the organization has decided to automate all types of record keeping, and provided easy to use programs for its employees. 2. 2 Project planning 2. 3 Project Scheduling (Gantt chart/ PERT chart) GANTT CHART PERT CHART Chapter Three Design Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to provide the details of the solution concept that are associated with the Memo Monitoring System. The â€Å"MMSys† consists of: * Security Modules Security modules include security features like user management and application level password management. * Query Modules. A powerful query module give on screen information for particular PRN no, system user can view all information for particular memo in one screen by entering PRN no. System Architecture High Level Solution Architecture Data ACCESS Data Warehouse OLAP Access Data Access OLTP Access | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Search and Retrieval of Information Transactional Facade Retrieval Facade System Windows Application Microsoft VB Run Time Microsoft SQL ENGINE Database Engine Query 3. 1 Analysis (DFDs, ER diagrams/Class diagrams) Top Level DFD Received Memo Outgoing Memo - Train No Memo Monitoring System / Transit - Fare Rules - Stations PRN PRN Incoming Memo Sent Memo 1st Level DFD - Users Search PRN 1 - Memo in Transit Administration Returned Memo 3 - Employees Details 3. 2 A complete structure 3. 2. 1 Number of Modules 3. 2. 2 Data structures as per the project requirement for all modules AND Implementation Methodology Development Tools and Technologies Front End 1. Visual Basic 2008 Why Visual Basic 2008? Visual Basic is built on the Windows Server System to take major advantage of the Operating System which comes with a host of different servers. This allows for building, deploying, managing and maintaining Windows Based solutions. The Windows Server System is designed with performance as priority and it provides robustness, scalability and reliability. The advantage of VB. NET includes: * Powerful Windows-based Applications * Simplified Deployment * Powerful, Flexible, Simplified Data Access * Improved Coding * Direct Access to the OS Platform * Object-Oriented Constructs Back End 1. MS SQL Server 2008 Why MS SQL Server 2008? MS SQL Server 2008 is a desktop Relational Database Management System that supports small application development with features like relational query, different data types, joins, and query. It includes: * Easy to use and easy to deployment. * Integration with Windows OS * Scalability * Import and Export of data in all major database system. * Centralized Management * Reliability * Automating Tasks Development Environment 1. Visual Studio 2008 2. MS SQL Server Standard 2008 Design Goals and Constraints Performance No more than 10-percent degradation in average query response is allowed while all concurrent users are using the system. Processor utilization should not exceed 80 percent when all concurrent users are using the system. Availability Because the system is accessed by users at various offices and other administrative staff for customer query, there should not be any single point of failure. Reliability Because of the need for no single point of failure, automatic failover will be required. In addition, existing disaster recovery and backup plans as well as procedures must be revised to incorporate the memo monitoring system Scalability The memo monitoring System on an average will have a load of 35 concurrent users after the system is fully operational. This is expected to grow by 3 percent each year for the next five years. Security For sensitive member information, all users will need to log on to the system with their user username and password. Every resource in the system is defined by a role and a privilege. System administrator assigned user roles and privileges for access rights. Use Case Model: Manage Users Administrator Update Navigate Users User Modify Details Apply Validation Use Case Model: Manage outgoing and incoming memo User Administrator Transaction Incoming memo Outgoing Memo Validation Supervisor Memo in Transit 3. 2. 4 List of report Chapter Four System Implementation 4. 1 Implementation of security mechanisms at various levels. Chapter Five Future scope and further enhancement of the project This project was developed to fulfill user and business requirement; however there are lots of scopes to improve the performance of the Memo Monitoring System especially in the area of user interface, database performance, query processing time etc. In line with the above, there are many arrears of functionality for the future enhancement of this project. The future enhancements that are possible in the Version 1. 1. 0 of this project are: * Integration with other public organization through Web Services; * Connection to third-party OLAP applications; * Data and system security; * Online tips and help functionalities. * Query optimization. Appendix Terms Definition Source Codes Bibliography/References CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 3 BACKGROUND STUDY Information Technology (IT) has become the order of the day in this 21st century. IT has grown very fast in this past years that in virtually everything we do there is a little bit of IT. Areas that have had a fair share of this technological impact include Banking and Finance, Airline transportation, healthcare delivery services and education. Thanks to IT everything is now simple and easy. The Ghana Revenue Authority currently maintains all the employees’ records manually, which is very expensive, tedious and time-consuming. For example, the employees’ memo details are with the human resource department, financial records are with the accounts department and memo’s about staff welfare is with the welfare department. This paper-based system takes a lot of time of the employees. Occasionally, the employees in the accounts department were finding difficult to manage memo, in its recent Annual General Meeting (AGM), the organization has decided to automate all types of record keeping, and provided easy to use programs for its employees. To overcome these problems faced by Ghana revenue authority, an electronic management system called â€Å"Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys)† is developed to automate all existing paper-based system of Ghana Revenue Authority as well as other back office activities. 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. 5. 1 RECORD: An item or collection of data. 1. 5. 2 DATABASE: A database is an organized collection of data, today typically in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of offices in organization), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, sending an information around about vacancies in the organization). 1. 3 PROBLEM DEFFINITION Ghana Revenue Authority maintains all the employees and accounting records manually, which is expensive, tedious and time-consuming. People need to look in different places to get different bits of information. For example, the employees personal details are with the human resource department, the financial records are with the accounts department and staffs welfare memo is with the welfare department. The paper-based systems take a lot of time of the employees. Occasionally, the employees in the accounts department were finding difficult to manage data, in its recent Annual General Meeting (AGM), the organization has decided to automate all types of record keeping, and provided easy to use programs for its employees. . 4 REQUIEREMENT (SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE): 1. 4. 1 HARDWARE * RAM 3GB or Greater * PROCESSOR 2. 0GHz 1. 4. 2 SOFTWARE * ORACLE (Back End) * VISUAL BASICS (Front End) 1. 4. 3 OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows Vista Professional or Windows 7 Professional/Ultimate 1. 5 OBJECTIVES The business goal for the development of the Memo Monitoring System (E-MMSys) application is to support and increase the productivity of the Authority. The application provides complete automation of all existing manual systems of Authority with the following objectives: ) Maintain an electronic record system of all current paper-based taxpayers and employee information; g) Enables easy access and fast retrieval of employee and administrative information. h) Provision of employee search facility. i) Generation of appropriate employee and administrative reports. j) The ability to send emails to employees. 1. 6 LIMITATIONS The Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys) currently does not permit the simultaneous use of the application by more than 70 users. 1. 7 METHODOLOGY Microsoft Access was used as the platform to design Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys). The Database has the following components. * Fifteen(15) Tables * Twenty (20) Forms * Twenty Five (25) Queries * Fifteen(15) Reports * Nineteen (19) Micros CHAPTER TWO 2. 1LITERATURE REVIEW Information Technology (IT) has become the order of the day in this 21st century. IT has grown very fast the past years that everything we do is made possible and very efficient by IT. An example of this impact is seen in areas such as hospital patients records system, banking customers account information of which Ghana revenue authority is no exception. Little research has been conducted into how information technology has successfully been implemented and the associated benefits especially in staff record management system. Based upon a series of interviews held with management and staff of Ghana Revenue Authority, this project work puts forward a solution to automate the existing manual and semi-automated activities of Ghana Revenue Authority. In the late 1990’s and early 21st century many organizations found that the management of their institutions could achieve significant productivity if Information Technology was effectively utilized (Sethi et al. 993). Many references have expressed the significant impact and the numerous potential benefits to be gained by e-business and new technology implementation. (Barnes et al. 2002). Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys) is not new to communication technology, with many institutions having implemented an electronic record management system for a number of years. (Smith et al. 2003b) . 2. 2 BENEFITS TO THE MEMO MONITORING SYSTEM Memo Monitoring System (E MMSys) will help automate Ghana revenues’ records and free movement of memos. Firstly finding information of a particular job schedule of an employee, a group of managers or department’s information will be very easy since all of their information are in the database and can be fetched easily. * Secondly manipulations of records by outsiders or by employees will be minimized since the security of this database will be very effective. * Thirdly receipts can be generated by this same database. There wouldn’t be any error like writing of memos since it will be generated by the database. 2. 3 BENEFITS TO THE ORGANIZATION * The ability to send emails and memo to employees. Provision of employee and Human Resource search facility. * Locate the in and out flow of memos easily. * Reduce cost of sending Memo manually. Memo Monitoring System (E-MMSys) will help automate Ghana Revenue Authority memo r ecords. * Firstly finding information of a mail project a group of employees or an employee or a faculty member will be very easy since all of their information are in the database and can be fetched easily. * Secondly manipulations of records by outsiders or by officers will be minimized since the security of this database will be very effective. Employees will be able to know what they are supposed to send and receive every year without any delay or any form of file mismanagement and they can check out their job schedule even before work begins. 2. 4. CONSTRAINS * Other organizations can’t use this unless I redesign. Cost is effective. * Getting people to train for the usage of the database. * Paying some one personally to use till the workers get trained. CHAPTER THREE SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 3. 1SYSTEM DESIGN MYSQL and Visual Basics were used as the platform to design MMSys. The Database has the following components. * Fifteen(13) Tables * Twenty (10) Forms * Sixteen(1 0) Queries * Fifteen(10) Reports * Nineteen (11) Micros * MMSys was developed to meet the demands of G. R. A. 3. 2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS * Collection of data: Before the database was created G. R. A was visited to collect data on both employees and day-to-day activities. Some records were check and studied and necessary data was collected. * Business system option: I decided to use mysql and visual basics for the database and the forms. Because it will be easier for the employees to use, too much time won’t be spent on training and cost will as well be cut down. * Requirement specifications: With mysql I started creating fields and columns, and the tables followed. I created tables for the employees as a whole. 3. 3 DATABASE DESIGN DATABASE TABLE RELATIONSHIP CHAPTER FOUR 4. 1. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION Here the system is installed in the live environment and it involves different steps which are; user’s acceptance and guidelines, user training, implementation and business review. The Implementation phase covers the cutover from the development environment to the operational environment. This includes training the users who have not been part of the project team. For this project, no user is trained. Iteration of the Implementation phase is applicable when the system is being delivered to a dispersed user population over a period of time. The products of this phase include the Delivered System that contains all the agreed documentation, including the User Documentation. The User Documentation is completed in this phase but must have been started earlier during the Design and Build Iteration.