Privatization Of Public Service Privatization - 1039 Words

Because governments found that they can not afford their varying brands of socialism in most of countries, privatization has been popular in the last decades. Public service privatization is the progress to transfer the public service, which is owned by governments, to the private firms whatever it is a profit or non-profit firms. As concerned, privatization can provide a lower price to public and more efficient services from privatised companies. However, it will also create some problems such as monopolies and decreasing employments. In addition, these problems can be solved by privatised companies regulated by governments and employees taking part in the corporation. As a result, selling public services or facilities to private firms benefit consumers because consumers may pay less but are served better, and there will be more efficiencies. Firstly, privatization is beneficial to public because consumers can get a lower or suitable price. To begin with, public can reach a lower price since governments can open the competition. For example, in Israel, the government increased the competition of mobile phone in 2011, then as a result, prices fell in 2011. As a response to the decreasing prices, the government got a number of satisfaction of their services in some industries, especially telecommunications (Gazit Sauer, 2014). In other words, the large competition has impact on the decreasing prices which contributes to consumers’ favour. Moreover, by using data onShow MoreRelatedThe Privatization Of Public Services2847 Words   |  12 Pages Youness Elhamidi PADM – 610 Public Management Research Paper (Week 8) Privatization of Public Services Dr. Timothy Bagwell Department of Public Administration American Public University Author Note Youness Elhamidi, Department of Public Administration, American Public University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Youness Elhamidi, Department of Public Administration, American Public University System, 111 W. Congress Street, Charles Town, WV 25414.Read MorePrivatization Of Public Services : An Overview2022 Words   |  9 Pages2014 Dr. Jim Burroughs PUAD 615-001 Privatization of public services is increasingly common in today’s bureaucracy. While these private companies have an arguably important role in the function of society and stability of infrastructure, their definition under the law and protection from government overreaching is questioned. Most notably, two Supreme Court cases – Board of County Commissioners v. Umbehr and O’Hare Truck Service v. City of Northlake – look at First Amendment freedomsRead MoreEffects Of Money Activation On Level Of Support For Government Goods And Services Programmes And Privatization Of Public Goods Services1698 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Money Activation on Level of Support for Government Goods and Services Programmes and Privatization of Public Goods and Services Shalini Pandaram 48555592 Psychology Department University of Canterbury Abstract Money has a huge impact on us as individuals, changing our behaviour and the way we view others. In order to see how great of an effect money has a study was conducted involving participants recruited from Psyc106 classes. Participants partook in an experimentRead MorePrivatization And Deregulation Of Privatization1680 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective, privatization and deregulation of the economy are the perfect solutions to ensure that â€Å"freedom.† Privatization is the transfer of funds and management from public and governmental institutions to the private sector† (Gilroy Moore, 2010, p. 1). Privatization and deregulation work hand in hand, as deregulation limit government intervention in the private sector. This paper will examine the meaning and implications of neoliberal privatization, explore the pros and cons of privatization, andRead MorePrivatization of Airports750 Words   |  3 PagesPRIVATIZATION OF AIRPORTS Conceptual Understanding of the term ‘Privatization’ ‘Privatization’ is a generally a process through which the ownership and control of a government entity is transferred to a private entity. The transfer can be either in whole or partial. Different connotations of the term ‘privatization’ as enumerated in various articles and journals are as follows : 1. Movement of an entity from the federal government to a local or quasi-governmental agency where a private sectorRead MoreAirport Privatization Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesAirports are key enhancers of commerce and trade; they generate massive transportation and key economic benefits (Vasigh, 2007). Privatization of airports relates to transfer of ownership of airport from public ownership sector to private ownership (Jobs Consultancy, 2007). Privatization process aims at increasing of efficiency, competitiveness and viable financing of airports. Considerations on whether to privatize an airport are made by governments and the decision has a long-term impact that followsRead MoreSheding the Light on the Privatization of Prisons from the Costs Point of View1102 Words   |  5 Pages In 2013 a paper from authors, Kish and Lipton discuss the title: Do private prisons really offer savings compared with their public counterparts? The purpose of this article is to shed light on th e privatization as far as the cost savings. The authors point out the key points of cost saving are: The construction of a private prison is typically faster since voter approval is not required. The reduction of staff members is one way of reducing cost. The author states the problem being, the measurementRead MoreEthics and Privatization of Public Systems Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesEthics problems of privatizing water supply services. Paper submitted for Ethics class, with good reseach on Chinese market. Privatization of public systems has been going on in both developed and developing countries for many years, maybe with more strength on developing countries in the last decade because of their higher reliance on public companies. The inefficiency of many public companies and its burden to the countries bearing them has been probably the reason most commonly used to justifyRead MorePrivatization Of Municipal Solid Waste1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe privatization of municipal solid waste is a process by which municipalities decide to contract with private organizations for the collection and processing of societal waste. President and CEO of Brolin Enterprises which provides contracting services for pipeline maintenance, tank services, erosion control, vacs trucking, one-call monitoring, right of way clearing, pig tracking, and emergency response believes municipalities should be more open to privatization of collection services (BegleyRead MorePublic Facilities And Private Prisons1116 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment to look toward the privatization of prisons. Privatization of prisons is the use of private sector or corporation in financing, constructing, and managing correctional facilities as an alternati ve. In this paper I will discuss the history, the types, and the pros and cons of prison privatizations. Private prison can be traced back in the 17th century to the contracting out of confinement and reimburse prisoners after the American Revolution (Private vs. Public Facilities, Is it cost

Guinn v. United States

Guinn v. United States was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 1915, dealing with the constitutionality of voter qualification provisions in state constitutions. Specifically, the court found residency-based â€Å"grandfather clause† exemptions to voter literacy tests—but not the tests themselves—to be unconstitutional. Literacy tests were used in several Southern states between the 1890s and 1960s as a way of preventing African Americans from voting. The unanimous decision in Guinn v. United States marked the first time the Supreme Court struck down a state law disenfranchising African Americans.   Fast Facts: Guinn v. United States Case Argued: Oct. 17, 1913Decision Issued: June 21, 1915Petitioners: Frank Guinn and J. J. Beal, Oklahoma election officialsRespondent: United StatesKey Questions: Did Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, in singling out black Americans as being required to take a voter literacy test, violate the U.S. Constitution? Did Oklahoma’s literacy test clause—without the grandfather clause—violate the U.S. Constitution?Majority Decision: Justices White, McKenna, Holmes, Day, Hughes, Van Devanter, Lamar, PitneyDissenting: None, but Justice McReynolds took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled that residency-based â€Å"grandfather clause† exemptions to voter literacy tests—but not the tests themselves—were unconstitutional. Facts of the Case Shortly after it was admitted into the Union in 1907, the state of Oklahoma passed an amendment to its constitution requiring that citizens pass a literacy test before being allowed to vote. However, the state’s Voter Registration Act of 1910 contained a clause allowing voters whose grandfathers had either been eligible to vote before January 1, 1866, had been residents of â€Å"some foreign nation,† or had been soldiers, to vote without taking the test. Rarely affecting white voters, the clause disenfranchised many black voters because their grandfathers had been slaves before 1866 and were thus ineligible to vote.   As applied in most states, the literacy tests were highly subjective. Questions were confusingly worded and often had several possible correct answers. In addition, the tests were graded by white election officials who had been trained to discriminate against black voters. In one instance, for example, election officials rejected a black college graduate even though there was not â€Å"the slightest room for doubt as to whether† he was entitled to vote, concluded the U.S. Circuit Court. After the 1910 November midterm election, Oklahoma election officials Frank Guinn and J.J. Beal were charged in federal court with conspiring to fraudulently disenfranchise black voters, in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. In 1911, Guinn and Beal were convicted and appealed to the Supreme Court. Constitutional Issues While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had guaranteed U.S. citizenship without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, it did not address the voting rights of former slaves. To bolster the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Reconstruction-era, the Fifteenth Amendment, ratified on February 3, 1870, prohibited the federal government and the states from denying any citizen the right to vote based on their race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Supreme Court faced two related Constitutional questions. First, did Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, in singling out black Americans as being required to take the literacy test, violate the U.S. Constitution? Second, did Oklahoma’s literacy test clause—without the grandfather clause—violate the U.S. Constitution? The Arguments The state of Oklahoma argued that the 1907 amendment to its state constitution was validly passed and clearly within the powers of the states granted by the Tenth Amendment. The Tenth Amendment reserves all powers not specifically granted to the U.S. government in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to the states or to the people. Attorneys for the U.S. government chose to argue only against the constitutionality of the â€Å"grandfather clause† itself while conceding that literacy tests, if written and administered to be racially neutral, were acceptable. Majority Opinion In its unanimous opinion, delivered by Chief Justice C.J. White on June 21, 1915, the Supreme Court ruled that Oklahoma’s grandfather clause—having been written in a way to serve â€Å"no rational purpose† other than to deny African American citizens the right to vote—violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The convictions of Oklahoma election officials Frank Guinn and J.J. Beal were thus upheld. However, since the government had previously conceded the point, Justice White wrote that, â€Å"No time need be spent on the question of the validity of the literacy test, considered alone, since, as we have seen, its establishment was but the exercise by the State of a lawful power vested in it not subject to our supervision, and, indeed, its validity is admitted.† Dissenting Opinion As the court’s decision was unanimous, with only Justice James Clark McReynolds not taking part in the case, no dissenting opinion was issued. The Impact In overturning Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, but upholding its right to require pre-voting literacy tests, the Supreme Court confirmed the historic rights of the states to establish voter qualifications as long as they did not otherwise violate the U.S. Constitution. While it was a symbolic legal victory for African American voting rights, the Guinn ruling fell far short of immediately enfranchising black Southern citizens. At the time it was issued, the court’s ruling also nullified similar voter qualification provisions in the constitutions of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia. While they could no longer apply grandfather clauses, their state legislatures enacted poll taxes and other means of restricting black voter registration. Even after the Twenty-Fourth Amendment prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections, five states continued to impose them in state elections. Not until 1966 did the U.S. Supreme Court declare poll taxes in state elections unconstitutional.   In final analysis, Guinn vs. United States decided in 1915, was a small, but a significant first legal step in the Civil Rights Movement toward racial equality in the United States. It was not until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that all remaining legal barriers denying black Americans the right to vote under the Fifteenth Amendment—enacted nearly a century earlier—were finally outlawed. Sources and Further Reference Guinn v. United States (238 U.S. 347). Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute.Guinn v. United States (1915). Oklahoma Historical Society.Onion, Rebecca. The Impossible Literacy Test Louisiana Gave Black Voters in the 1960s. Slate (2013).Poll Taxes. Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

Siva Free Essays

As an MBA student you need to study Managerial Economics which is concerned with decisionmaking by managers. As you all are aware that the main Job of managers is decision making only. Before making a decision one has to take into accounts so many things. We will write a custom essay sample on Siva or any similar topic only for you Order Now And here comes theimportance of managerial economics. Meaning of Economics: Economics can be called as social science dealing with economics problem and man’s economic behavior. It deals with economic behavior of man in society in respect of consumption, production;distribution etc. conomics can be called as an unending science. There are almost as many definitions of economy as there are economists. We know that definition of subject is to be expected but at this stage it is more useful to set out few examples of the sort of issueswhich concerns professional economists. Example: For e. g. most of us want to lead an exciting life i. e. life full of excitements, adventures etc. butunluckily we do not always have the resources necessary to do everything we want to do. Thereforechoices have to be made or in the words of economists individuals have to decide—–â€Å"how toallocate scarce resources in the most effective ways†. For this a body of economic principles and concepts has been developed to explain how people andalso business react in this situation. Economics provide optimum utilization of scarce resources to achieve the desired result. It providesthe basis for decision making. Economics can be studied under two heads:l) Micro Economics2) Macro EconomicsMicro Economics: It has been defined as that branch where the unit of study is an individual, firm or household. Itstudies how individual ake their choices about what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce, and what price to charge. It is also known as the price theory is the main source of conceptsand analytical tools for managerial decision making. Various micro-economic concepts such as demand, supply, elasticity of demand and supply, marginalcost, various market forms, etc. are of great significance to managerial economics. 1 Macro Economics: It’s not only individuals and forms who are faced with having to make choices. Governments facemany such problems. For e. g. How much to spend on healthHow uch to spend on servicesHow much should go in to providing social security benefits. This is the same type of problem facing all of us in our daily lives but in different scales. lt studies the economics as a whole. It is aggregative in character and takes the entire economic as aunit of study. Macro economics helps in the area of forecasting. It includes National Income,aggregate consumption, investments, employment etc. Meaning of managerial economics: It is another branch in the science of economics. Sometimes it is interchangeably used with businesseconomics. Managerial economic is concerned with decision making at the level of firm. It has beendescribed as an economics applied to decision economic theory and managerial practices. lt is defined as application of economic theory and methodology to decision making process by themanagement of the business firms. In it economic theories and concepts are used to solve practical business problem. It lies on the borderline of economic and management. It helps in decision makingunder uncertainty and improves effectiveness of the organization. The basic purpose of managerial economic is to show how economic nalysis can be used informulating business plans. Definitions of managerial economics: In the words of Mc Nair and Merriam,† Managerial Economics consists of use of economic modes of thought to analyze business situation†. According to Spencer and Seigelman†Ã¢â‚¬ it is defined as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision making and forward planning by themanagement†. Economic provides optimum utilization of scarce resource to achieve the desired result. How to cite Siva, Papers

Interpersonal and E-Communication for Business Communication

Question: Discuss about theInterpersonal and E-Communication for Business Communication. Answer: Social network has impacted the way of business communication by rapid change in technologies. Social media is an appropriate way of communication for businesses as it allows businesses to convey their concerns and reach to large number of stakeholders. For any business to work easily with their clients, communication is the key concern. The ways of communication have changed from last 20 years this is because of progress in innovation (Slideshare,2017). In the 21st century communication is done through social media which has expanded the net revenues and additionally online activity. Social media has allowed business to make their place in market. In the old communication technique businesses didn't know about how to access to online instalments or how to communicate using new innovations. In the current scenario social media has turned out to be so impactful as everybody depends on communicating through online networking (Parveen, Jaafar and Ainin, 2015). Modern communication has changed the business world development from last couple of years as it has made business rely on web-based social networking, internet, quick feedback methodology, online instalments and numerous approaches so that they get more customers to the business In 19's the communication use to be through TV, magazines, telephone calls or press source. Feedback methodology was very poor for business in traditional days as if any trouble was identified in an item it was difficult to provide the solution and there were no alternatives available (Ngai, Tao and Moon, 2015). In 20's social media has turned the feedback method adaptable. This is made conceivable by use of social media as it has provided a platform to extend their business. Communication has turned out to be simple as it has provided a way for forward and backward communication within seconds with clients that helps in extending the business. Social media is the best approach to remain connected with client s entire day and give instant feedbacks. Network-based business communication has expanded the business in the global world. The complete production process of a business is managed electronically which helps a business to work proficiently. Social media can negatively affect a business as customers can post negative comments which may destroy the reputation of business (Makara Fuller, et. al, 2015). Considering a case, an organization has started an online business of offering different items throughout the world. For instance, considering the case of Amazon that gives a fast glance of considerable number of items to everyone. Amazon has extended the business because of the use of online networking as it enables client to get the items from any edge of the world. Also, it has provided an easy way to understand the client as social media has offered a user friendly platform were clients can request questions or give feedback in regarding to an item. The communication between the cli ents has become smooth due to social media and has increased consumer loyalty. Amazon can improve their business by working on the feedback given by the clients. Aside from that Amazon has extended because of social media as they can promote their item and administrations by web-based social networking stages (Hatfield, 2017). Moreover, social media has helped in enhancing the net revenue of the business. Social media has helped businesses to communicate easily and share their interests and act as a personalised media platform. Social media allows business communication by offering feedback, receive information and share ideas. It helps the business to interact with the target market and interact with your customers. Social media improve responsiveness of business as customers raise their voice regarding the problem and managers work on them. Social media helps the business in engaging the customers by enhancing marketing strategies and ensure that marketing strategies can be implemented (Mikulincer, et.al, 2015). It boosts the online traffic and increases the profit of business. As more no of customers means more profit. Social media has provided the way to get more customers and reach to wider audience. Social media can be seen as a business tool as it increase number of customers ad can be used for communication .Business communication is important for every business as it helps in planning powerful campaigns and improving the communication between individual by building strong relationships between the staff. Powerful business communication helps in concentrating on the external market and thinking about the ways to overcome the issues. According to the research it can be stated that business communication can be effective if it is a two way process. In the case of amazon communication is in both ways, as administrator can send message with respect to any issue and clients can give their feedback and this is made possible by social media (Rodriguez, Peterson and Ajjan, 2015). Communication in a business is possible through email, instant message, voice calls or automated assistants but still the most impactful way of communication is social media. Using social media as a source of business communication has proved to be beneficial as fundamentally it is used to promote the item. The communication in a business can occur between organizations. Feasible communication helps a business to encourage and know how to enhance the execution of an association. Social media helps business as it offers low cost marketing and interface for users to interact easily. Additionally, it provides easy customer support by targeting the customers. It has impacted the business by offering visual marketing and improving the marketing plans by offering the services and making a market friendly environment. It has always reduced the communication cost as social media platforms have allowed to make effective business calls (Mcmullen,2017). Social media lets the brand get connected to customers whole day long. It build professional brand name and maintain professional relationship with customers. Social media helps the business grow wider and expand the business by geo targeting the m arket which in turn controls the cost of marketing and increases the sales. This has impacted the business by building marketing research and building customer relation. Social media helps in business communication as it provides a way to share information between enterprises to achieve commercial benefits. Social media refers to have business communication to promote their services to potential consumers. Social media has helped business in building customers through network. Social media has impacted the business as it offers wider audience and helps in bringing traffic to the website. It also creates brand identity and offer choices to customers to share their views and comment on the products (Louise, et. al, 2016). Communication through social media helps the business to be recognized globally. Social media helps the business to be expanded. It helps in promoting their services in remote zones, as multinational organizations have workplaces in different areas, so to share their views online networking is utilized. Social media provides an open communication between the workers which helps in building trust among representatives. The positive workplace helps in decreasing the vulnerability (Hudson, et. al, 2016). Also social media helps in working in a team successfully and work with greater profitability. Online networking has given a way to share their views and resolve the issues. It also keeps the data updated with the goal that the data can be accessible from anyplace round the globe. Social media can be seen as a negative impact also in business as it have increased the consumer power as they have got the rights to post anything and anywhere which may impact the reputation of business. Add itionally, it is difficult to track the misleading statements and sometimes it may spoil the confidentiality of information (Godey, et. al, 2016). Social media channels can be hacked by unauthorized user and they can be difficult to be tracked. Communication not just means verbal correspondence but social networking is a stage through which communication is possible with any sort of individuals and removes diverse culture from an organisation. Promotion is one of the approaches used for business communication as they portray the whole story to get more clients. So, if the manager of the organization is in different country and he need to be reached for some work; online networking is the channel that has made this communication conceivable (Fardouly, et. al, 2015). Social media management empowers the business by managing the team and sharing the information using distributed social channels from one location to another. It enables the opportunities to business at deeper level by building relationships globally. In most basis sense social media is a tool used to connect, publish and manage. According to the research it can be stated that 85% of consumers have changed their behaviour in response to social media content (Bala krishnan, Dahnil and Yi, 014). It is critical to have effective communication a business as it advances inspiration among employee by training them about their assignments and the telling them bout the change that should be done. It likewise improves the basic leadership control and breaking down the strategies. In any business powerful communication can help in substituting the individual state of mind towards work. Social media helps in knowing what the competitors are doing and the reason they have become popular. It also provides a platform for business meets and allow people to communicate and discuss regarding various issues. Social media was has impacted the business v. It plays an essential role for business as it increases the traffic and helps the business to come in top results. Social media has impacted the business as they can monitor the relationship with their customers and build awareness to retain them for longer run. It also helps in publishing the content to next level. Social media has impacted the business as they have changed the strategies of business in different ways. Social media has allowed the business to make their brand name more prcised and provide different ways to communicate with customers. Social media has allowed business to make online communities which has helped in increasing their sale as they share their information online. Social media has discovered new ways to communicate and helped in implementing market strategies. Previously business relied on only marketing tactics which were slow now with the use of social media business can inform their customers instantly. Social media has helped the business to remain connected to consumers as they now do not wait for writing a letter or calling but they directly communicate with the business using social media. Business use social media t cost their information and gets opinions from customers. It is beneficial for small businesses as they help in getting reviews from customer so th at they can make modification to improve their business. Social media impacts the business as they perceived the business brand. They maintain good connections by providing great exposure (Wamba and Carter, 2016). It provides a powerful marketing platform for free and facilities online discussion to gain valuable inputs. It helps the business to stay connected with the customers. Social helped not only helped in promoting their services but also improved internal communication and helped in reaching customers feedback. It provided visibility and branding of the services by supporting the presence of a business online. Social media helped business in knowing their market place which in turn helped in controlling their services. Thus it can be concluded that social media has impacted the business in both positive and negative way. It helps to engage more customers by using digital marketing strategies. In short it helps in boosting the traffic towards the business by providing best services to the user. On the other hand it increases the chances of malicious attacks and violating the confidentiality of businesses. Reference list Balakrishnan, B.K., Dahnil, M.I. and Yi, W.J. (2014) The impact of social media marketing medium toward purchase intention and brand loyalty among generation Y.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,148, pp.177-185. Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P.C., Vartanian, L.R. and Halliwell, E. (2015) Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood.Body Image,13, pp.38-45. Godey, B., Manthiou, A., Pederzoli, D., Rokka, J., Aiello, G., Donvito, R. and Singh, R. (2016) Social media marketing efforts of luxury brands: Influence on brand equity and consumer behavior.Journal of business research,69(12), pp.5833-5841. Hatfield, E.F. (2017) Narrative learning using podcasts in interpersonal communication.Communication Teacher, pp.1-7. Hudson, S., Huang, L., Roth, M.S. and Madden, T.J. (2016) The influence of social media interactions on consumerbrand relationships: A three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors.International Journal of Research in Marketing,33(1), pp.27-41 Louise, S., Paul, R., Mark, F. and Rob, W. (2016)E-communication skills: A guide for primary care. CRC Press. Makara Fuller, K.A., Fishman, B., Karabenick, S.A. and Teasley, S. (2015) Students interpersonal connections with peers and staff at the start of higher education. Mcmullen,A.(2017).How Does Social Media Affect Retail Businesses?.Available from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/social-media-affect-retail-businesses-39275.htmlAccessed on 29 april 2018. Mikulincer, M.E., Shaver, P.R., Simpson, J.A. and Dovidio, J.F. (2015)APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 3: Interpersonal relations. American Psychological Association. Ngai, E.W., Tao, S.S. and Moon, K.K. (2015) Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks.International Journal of Information Management,35(1), pp.33-44. Parveen, F., Jaafar, N.I. and Ainin, S. (2015) Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), pp.67-78. Rodriguez, M., Peterson, R.M. and Ajjan, H. (2015) CRM/social media technology: impact on customer orientation process and organizational sales performance. InIdeas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old(pp. 636-638). Springer, Cham. Slideshare,(2017).social-medias-effect-on-business-communication.Available from https://www.slideshare.net/aayushi1997/social-medias-effect-on-business-communicationAccessed on 29 april 2018. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R. (2014) Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Wamba, S.F. and Carter, L. (2016) Social media tools adoption and use by SMEs: An empirical study. InSocial Media and Networking: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 791-806). IGI Global.